长白山地不同地貌类型农田生态系统土壤动物群落特征及季节动态

发布时间：2018-05-08 20:04

本文选题：土壤动物 + 农田生态系统　；参考：《东北师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：土壤动物作为土壤圈中一个重要的生物因子,它的生存活动影响着土壤的结构以及土壤的理化性质,并在土壤养分循环与能量流动中扮演着重要的角色。在农田生态系统中,土壤动物具有不可替代的作用,它可以促进农作物对养分的吸收利用,改善农田土壤生态环境,加快修复农田生态系统退化的生态功能。目前对长白山地土壤动物的研究多集中在森林生态系统,而对农田生态系统的研究较为薄弱。因此,本研究于2015年的春季、夏季和秋季分别对长白山地玄武岩台地、花岗岩低山区、花岗岩丘陵区的玉米田土壤动物进行研究,可为维护和管理长白山地农田生态系统提供科学依据。本研究运用单因素方差分析比较不同地貌类型、土层、季节土壤动物个体密度的差异性。运用主成分分析(PCA)研究土壤动物类群组成的季节动态。采用多样性指数(H)、丰富度指数(D)、均匀度指数(e)表示各地貌类型土壤动物群落的多样性特征。最后运用冗余分析(RDA)来探讨土壤动物类群组成与主要土壤环境因子的关系,并得出以下主要结论：(1)长白山地三种地貌类型的农田区共获得土壤动物42类,2956只,隶属于3门7纲15目。其中大型土壤动物为29类,377只；中小型土壤动物为26类,2579只。大型土壤动物中的蚁科,中小型土壤动物中的甲螨亚目和等节跳虫科是各地貌类型的共有优势类群,代表了长白山地农田生态系统土壤动物的主要成分。(2)从水平分布及季节动态来看,大型土壤动物与中小型土壤动物个体密度和类群数均表现为花岗岩低山区最低。而各地貌类型大型土壤动物季节动态不明显,中小型土壤动物随季节变化差异显著。其中玄武岩台地中小型土壤动物个体密度夏季达最高,花岗岩低山区和花岗岩丘陵区在秋季达最高。不同季节,各地貌类型土壤动物类群组成在夏季差异最明显,且玄武岩台地各季节土壤动物类群组成差别最大。(3)从垂直分布及季节动态来看,各地貌类型大型和中小型土壤动物个体密度均为0-5cm层5-10cm层10-15cm层。其中玄武岩台地土壤动物在夏季具有明显的表聚性,花岗岩低山区和花岗岩丘陵区土壤动物则在春季表聚性最强。(4)从多样性特征及季节动态来看,花岗岩丘陵区土壤动物多样性最高,花岗岩低山区最低。不同季节,玄武岩台地土壤动物多样性夏季达最高,花岗岩低山区和花岗岩丘陵区土壤动物多样性随季节变化不明显。(5)冗余分析(RDA)表明,甲螨亚目、蚁科主要受土壤pH、土壤有机质、土壤含水率的影响；圆跳虫科、球角跳虫科主要受土壤全氮和全钾的影响；等节跳虫科、革螨亚目主要受土壤温度的影响。
[Abstract]:Soil fauna is an important biological factor in soil circle, its survival activities affect soil structure and physical and chemical properties of soil, and play an important role in soil nutrient cycling and energy flow. Soil animals play an irreplaceable role in farmland ecosystem, which can promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients by crops, improve the ecological environment of farmland soil, and accelerate the restoration of the ecological function of farmland ecosystem degradation. At present, the study of soil fauna in Changbai Mountain is mainly focused on forest ecosystem, but the study on farmland ecosystem is relatively weak. Therefore, in the spring, summer and autumn of 2015, the soil fauna of cornfield in Changbai Mountain basalt platform, granite low mountain area and granite hilly area were studied respectively. It can provide scientific basis for the maintenance and management of farmland ecosystem in Changbai Mountain. In this study, single factor variance analysis was used to compare the individual density of soil animals in different geomorphological types, soil layers and seasons. The seasonal dynamics of soil fauna composition were studied by principal component analysis (PCAA). The diversity characteristics of soil fauna communities of different geomorphological types were expressed by using diversity index (H ~ +), richness index (D ~ (+)) and evenness index (n ~ (e)). Finally, the relationship between the composition of soil animal groups and the main soil environmental factors was studied by using redundancy analysis (RDA), and the following main conclusions were drawn: 1) in three types of landforms of Changbai Mountain, 2 956 soil animals were obtained. It belongs to 3 phylums, 7 classes, 15 orders. Among them, there are 377 macrofauna in 29 classes and 2579 in middle and small soil fauna. Formicidae in macrofauna, demacaridae and isodontidae in small and medium-sized soil fauna are the common dominant groups of all geomorphological types. It represents the main composition of soil fauna in farmland ecosystem of Changbai Mountain. In terms of horizontal distribution and seasonal dynamics, the individual density and group number of macrofauna and small and medium-sized soil fauna are the lowest in the low mountain area of granite. However, the seasonal dynamics of macrofauna were not obvious in different geomorphologic types, and there were significant differences between small and medium soil animals. The individual density of small and medium-sized soil fauna reached the highest in summer in basalt platform, and the highest in autumn in low granite mountain area and granite hilly area. In different seasons, soil fauna groups of different geomorphological types showed the most obvious difference in summer, and the soil fauna groups of basalt terraces in different seasons showed the greatest difference.) from the vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics, the soil fauna groups of different geomorphology types were most different in summer. The individual density of large and medium sized soil fauna in each geomorphologic type is 0-5cm layer, 5-10cm layer, 10-15cm layer. Among them, the soil fauna of basalt platform has obvious apparent accumulation in summer, and the soil animal of granite low mountain area and granite hilly area has the strongest apparent accumulation in spring. The diversity of soil animals was the highest in granite hilly area and the lowest in low granite mountain area. In different seasons, the diversity of soil fauna in basalt platform reached the highest in summer, and the diversity of soil fauna in granite low mountain area and granite hilly area was not obvious with seasonal variation. The ant family is mainly affected by soil pH, soil organic matter and soil moisture content; the family Trigonidae is mainly affected by soil total nitrogen and total potassium; and the phylopteridae and gamasid suborder are mainly affected by soil temperature.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S154

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