玉米苗期精准穴施肥机构设计及试验

发布时间：2018-05-10 09:39

本文选题：玉米苗期 + 穴施肥　；参考：《东北农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：玉米苗期穴施肥可以充分提高肥料利用率,降低残留对土壤的污染,提高施肥准确度并增加产量,促进经济效益显著增涨。目前常见的施肥机主要有两种形式条沟撒施机具、定距液态穴施肥机,其中条沟撒施机具肥料利用率过低,定距液态施肥机株距调节困难,且扎穴准确度低,结构相对复杂,成本较高,容易受前进速度的影响。为实现玉米苗期施肥的高效、精准和节能化,必须改善传统的施肥方式,减少不必要的投入和污染,才能在生产中广泛应用。根据东北地区中耕施肥的农艺作业方式,参照农机和农艺的设计思想,对穴施肥机核心控制机构进行了机构创新设计、参数分析、三维建模与仿真分析和试验数据处理分析,设计研制出了符合田间需求的玉米苗期精准穴施肥机构。针对目前施肥技术的缺点和存在的空白,本机构在机架上配装传感靠苗针、微力放大离合装置、施肥机构,以及离合脱离装置。该机构通过传感靠苗针探测玉米苗期近根茎秆后,激活微力放大装置,触发离合器啮合,待施肥装置完成一次单株施肥后,离合脱离装置完成脱离工作,从而完成一次精准施肥,提高了施肥精准度,并从很大程度上增加了肥料利用率,实现了自动精准穴施肥。该机构由液压输出轴给予主动力,避免了大功率输出动力的使用。针对机械式触碰识别装置的运动分析和触碰计算,设计了靠苗机构和微力放大装置,并对玉米苗期茎秆抗弯应力进行计算,测试出最大承受极限,突破现在技术依赖与图像和光学后处理依赖的局限性,有效应对与天气等环境影响,从本质上提高了识别装置的适应性。对于定距施肥的不可调缺点,采用离合装置和脱离机构完成了自动激活和脱离的基本设计,可实现完全自动脱离和啮合,打破现有定距施肥出现的滑移累积导致扎穴串位的问题,提高机构可行性,为下一步试验和研究创造新的空间。在固态穴施肥的现在技术中设计出旋转扎穴式施肥套筒,可避免壅土堵肥等现象,分析施肥传动机构的受力和变形情况,提出不利问题和改善方向,进而分析产生原因和影响因素,为进一步改善和优化奠定基础。仿真了机构在土壤层间的作业动作也运动轨迹,分析了机具在土壤中的速度、加速度、受力和时间效率等参数,对现有设计阐述运动规律,提出设计问题,和出现的缺陷,找出产生原因,阐述出现此现象的依据,并通过理论分析施肥装置的工作机理,细化设计思路并设计改善和优化方向。基于可移动式搭载土槽的台车试验台对重要机构对应的工作参数进行了单因素试验,并在之后做出相应的多因素目标试验研究,得出最优方案区域,采用三因素五水平二次正交回归旋转组合试验方法,可得出在动力输出轴转速为16.5r/min,台车前进速度为1.25m/s,靠苗针高度在5mm~6mm条件下进行穴施肥试验,其机构工作参数范围处于较优区域。验证结果表明:穴株拟合度为66.2%,伤苗率为10%,结果接近优化区间,可作为穴施肥机构进一步优化试验的参考。
[Abstract]:Fertilizing in maize seedling stage can improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, reduce the pollution of the residue to the soil, improve the accuracy of fertilization and increase the yield, and increase the economic benefit significantly. At present, there are two kinds of common fertilizing machines, which are mainly in the form of grooves, and fixed distance liquid acupoint fertilizing machine. In order to achieve high efficiency, precision and energy saving in the seedling period of maize, it is necessary to improve the traditional fertilization methods, reduce unnecessary input and pollution, and can be widely used in production. According to the design idea of agricultural machinery and agronomy, the mechanism innovation design, parameter analysis, 3D modeling and simulation analysis and experimental data processing analysis are carried out on the core control mechanism of the acupoint fertilizing machine. And the existing blank, the mechanism is installed on the frame with sensing needle, micro force amplification and separation device, fertilization mechanism, and separation and separation device. The mechanism activates the micro force magnifying device by sensing the seedling needle to detect the near root stem of maize seedling, triggers the clutch engagement, and after a single plant fertilizes the fertilizing device, the separation and separation device is completed. A precise fertilization is completed, the precision of fertilization is improved, and the utilization rate of fertilizer is increased to a large extent, and the automatic precise point fertilization is realized. The mechanism is provided by the hydraulic output shaft to avoid the use of high power output power. We have designed a seedling mechanism and a micro force amplification device, and calculated the bending stress of the stem of Maize at the seedling stage, tested the maximum endurance limit, break through the limitations of the dependence on the technology dependence and the image and optical post-processing, effectively respond to the weather and other environmental effects, and in essence improve the adaptability of the identification device. The basic design of automatic activation and disengagement has been completed by the clutch device and disengagement mechanism. It can realize complete automatic separation and engagement, break the problem of sliding accumulation in the existing fixed distance fertilization and lead to the string of holes, improve the feasibility of the mechanism, create new space for the next experiment and research. In the technology, the rotary and ligation manure sleeve can be designed to avoid the phenomenon of blocking the soil and blocking the fertilizer, analyzing the force and deformation of the fertilizer transmission mechanism, putting forward the unfavorable problems and improving the direction, analyzing the causes and influencing factors, and laying the foundation for the further improvement and optimization. It analyzes the parameters of speed, acceleration, force and time and efficiency in the soil, expounds the motion laws of the existing design, puts forward the design problems, and presents the defects, finds out the causes, expounds the basis for this phenomenon, and analyzes the working mechanism of the fertilizer device by theory, refines the design ideas and designs the improvement and optimization methods. On the basis of a single factor test on the working parameters corresponding to the important mechanism based on a movable slots, the corresponding multi factor target test is made and the optimal scheme area is obtained. The rotational speed of the power output shaft is 16. with three factors and five levels and two times orthogonal regression rotation combination test. 5r/min, the speed of the trolley is 1.25m/s, and the needle height of the needle is tested under the condition of 5mm~6mm. The working parameters of the mechanism are in the better area. The results show that the fitting degree of the acupoint plant is 66.2% and the rate of the injured seedling is 10%. The result is close to the optimized interval, and it can be used as a reference for further optimization of the experiment.

【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S224.2

【参考文献】