猪粪和化肥配施下土壤氮及相关酶活性的动态变化

发布时间：2018-06-02 08:50

本文选题：猪粪 + 有机无机肥配施　；参考：《四川农业大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：养殖废弃物和化肥配施是提高土壤质量、避免环境污染和促进农业废弃物循环利用的有效途径。为探究成都平原稻-麦轮作制下不同比例猪粪和化肥配施下土壤氮素及相关酶活性的动态变化,本论文以四川省都江堰市天马镇为试验点,采用田间试验与室内分析、数理统计法,研究了小麦和水稻生育期内土壤全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、可溶性有机氮(SON)和微生物量氮(MBN)含量,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶、天门冬酰胺酶活性的动态变化。田间试验设计了不施肥(对照)、纯化学氮肥、10%猪粪氮+90%化肥氮、20%猪粪氮+80%化肥氮、30%猪粪氮+70%化肥氮和纯猪粪氮等6个处理。主要结论如下：(1)有机无机肥配施处理对土壤TN含量的影响在短期内不显著(P＞0.05),但对土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N、SON和MBN的含量却有显著影响(P0.05)。经过一年的稻麦轮作,与不施肥处理相比,猪粪和化肥配施处理下的土壤TN含量无显著变化,NH4+-N、NO3--N的含量减少,SON和MBN的含量增加,其增幅分别比不施肥处理高17.94-59.95%和16.72-31.16%,比纯化学氮肥处理高2.54-40.83%和8.35-21.55%。说明有机无机肥配施处理相较于不施肥和纯化学氮肥处理更有助于减缓土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N的损失,而且更有利于提高土壤SON和MBN的含量。其中以20%猪粪氮+80%化肥氮以及30%猪粪氮+70%化肥氮两个处理的提升效果最佳,其SON的含量增幅分别比不施肥处理高50.62-54.00%和49.11-59.95%,比纯化学氮肥处理高34.89-35.23%和33.72-40.83%,MBN的含量增幅分别比不施肥处理高25.28-31.16%和23.45-26.95%,比纯化学氮肥处理高13.67-21.55%和13.83-15.34%。(2)有机无机肥配施处理能在短期内对土壤氮转化酶活性产生显著影响。经过一年的稻麦轮作,除蛋白酶活性略有降低外,脲酶、硝酸还原酶和天门冬酰胺酶活性均有提升,且脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和天门冬酰胺酶的活性分别是不施肥处理的1.05-1.47倍、1.04-1.47倍、1.24-2.03倍、1.17-1.82倍,是纯化学氮肥处理的1.03-1.27倍、0.97-1.34倍、1.07-1.41倍、1.03-1.39倍。纯猪粪氮处理和三组有机无机肥配施处理下的土壤酶活性在两种作物的绝大部分生育阶段都显著高于不施肥和纯化学氮肥处理(P0.05),而三组有机无机肥配施处理中又以30%猪粪氮+70%化肥氮处理对4种土壤酶的提升效果最佳,在两种作物的绝大部分生育阶段内都显著高于纯猪粪氮、10%猪粪氮+90%化肥氮和20%猪粪氮+80%化肥氮处理。(3)各土壤氮指标之间以及各土壤酶指标之间的相关性在作物生育期内呈明显的动态变化,且各指标相关性在不同土层深度有相似性。两种无机氮(NH4+-N和NO3--N)及两种有机氮(SON和MBN)分别与TN在作物生长前、后期呈显著正相关；NH4+-N、NO3--N与SON、MBN在作物生长后期显示出一定的显著正相关关系(P0.05)；在作物生育期内,NH4+-N和NO3-N、SON和MBN呈显著正相关(P0.05),说明土壤氮素各指标之间、土壤氮转化酶指标之间有强烈的相互指示性。除极个别的情况外,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和天门冬酰胺酶显示出两两之间在作物生育期各阶段均呈现显著(P0.05)甚至极显著(P0.01)的正相关关系,说明土壤氮转化酶可作为土壤氮素变化的最敏感性指标。(4)土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和天门冬酰胺酶与土壤氮素的转化过程密切相关,土壤氮及氮转化酶间的相关性在作物生育期内呈现明显的动态变化,且在不同深度的土层中表现出类似的相关性。土壤TN在作物生长中后期与4种土壤酶呈显著(P0.05)甚至极显著(P0.01)正相关,表明土壤TN能反映农田土壤酶在作物生长中后期的变化；而土壤SON和MBN与4种土壤酶几乎在作物生育期各阶段均呈现出极显著正相关性(P0.01),表明它们是最能反映土壤酶的活性及其动态变化的敏感性指标。(5)有机无机肥配施处理相较于单施化肥和单施有机肥的处理相比,更有助于提高小麦和水稻两种农作物的产量。且有机无机肥配施处理中以30%猪粪氮+70%化肥氮这一处理对农作物产量的提升能力为最佳。
[Abstract]:It is an effective way to improve soil quality, avoid environmental pollution and promote the recycling of agricultural waste. In order to explore the dynamic changes of soil nitrogen and related enzyme activities under different proportions of pig manure and chemical fertilizer under the system of rice wheat rotation in Chengdu plain, this paper takes Tianma Town, Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province as the test point. The dynamic changes of soil total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), soluble organic nitrogen (SON) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in the growth period of wheat and rice, and the dynamic changes of soil urease, protease, nitrate reductase and asparaginase activity in the wheat and rice growth period were studied in the field experiment. No fertilizer (control), pure chemical nitrogen fertilizer, 10% pig manure nitrogen +90% fertilizer nitrogen, 20% pig manure nitrogen +80% fertilizer nitrogen, 30% pig manure nitrogen +70% fertilizer nitrogen and pure pig manure nitrogen, and other 6 treatments. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application treatment on soil TN content is not significant (P > 0.05) in the short term (P > 0.05), but the content of NO3--N, SON and MBN in soil NH4+-N Significant influence (P0.05). After one year's rice and wheat rotation, there was no significant change in soil TN content of pig manure and fertilizer treatment, NH4+-N, NO3--N content decreased, SON and MBN content increased, and the increase of SON and MBN was higher than that of no fertilizer treatment 17.94-59.95% and 16.72-31.16%, higher than pure chemical nitrogen treatment, and 8.35 higher than pure chemical nitrogen fertilizer treatment. -21.55%. shows that organic and inorganic fertilizer treatment is more conducive to slow down the loss of soil NH4+-N and NO3--N, and to improve the content of soil SON and MBN. The improvement effect of 20% pig manure nitrogen, +80% fertilizer nitrogen and 30% pig manure nitrogen and +70% fertilizer nitrogen two treatments is the best, and the content of SON is increased. The amplitude of 50.62-54.00% and 49.11-59.95% was higher than that of non fertilizer treatment, and higher 34.89-35.23% and 33.72-40.83% than pure chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The increase of MBN content was higher than that of 25.28-31.16% and 23.45-26.95%, respectively. The combination of high 13.67-21.55% and 13.83-15.34%. (2) organic inorganic fertilizer treated with pure chemical nitrogen fertilizer treatment could be used for soil nitrogen in the short term. After one year's rice wheat rotation, the activities of urease, nitrate reductase and asparaginase were improved, and the activities of urease, protease, nitrate reductase and asparaginase were 1.05-1.47 times, 1.04-1.47 times, 1.24-2.03 times, 1.17-1.82, respectively, respectively. It was 1.03-1.27 times, 0.97-1.34 times, 1.07-1.41 times, and 1.03-1.39 times of pure chemical nitrogen treatment. The soil enzyme activity of pure pig manure nitrogen treatment and three groups of organic and inorganic fertilizers was significantly higher than that of non fertilization and pure chemical nitrogen fertilizer (P0.05) in most of the fertility stages of the two crops, while the three groups of organic and inorganic fertilizer were treated again. The effect of 30% pig manure nitrogen +70% fertilizer nitrogen treatment on 4 soil enzymes was the best, in most of the growth stages of two crops were significantly higher than pure pig manure nitrogen, 10% pig manure nitrogen and nitrogen +90% fertilizer nitrogen and 20% pig manure nitrogen +80% fertilizer nitrogen treatment. (3) the correlation between soil nitrogen indicators and soil enzyme indicators in crop growth period Two kinds of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N and NO3--N) and two kinds of organic nitrogen (SON and MBN) were positively correlated with TN before the growth of crops, respectively, and NH4+-N, NO3--N and SON, MBN showed a significant positive correlation (P0.05) in the late growth of crops (P0.05). During the growth period, NH4+-N and NO3-N, SON and MBN showed significant positive correlation (P0.05). It showed that there was a strong mutual indicator between soil nitrogen indexes and soil nitrogen invertase indicators. Except for a very few cases, soil urease, protease, nitrate reductase and asparaginase showed 22 in all stages of crop growth. The positive correlation of (P0.05) and even extremely significant (P0.01) indicates that soil nitrogen invertase can be the most sensitive index of soil nitrogen change. (4) soil urease, protease, nitrate reductase and asparaginase are closely related to the transformation process of soil nitrogen, and the correlation between soil nitrogen and nitrogen invertase is evident during the crop growth period. The soil TN showed significant (P0.05) and even very significant (P0.01) positive correlation with 4 soil enzymes in the late stage of crop growth, indicating that soil TN could reflect the change of soil enzyme in the middle and late growth of crop growth, while soil SON and MBN and 4 soil enzymes were almost in crop growth. Each stage showed a very significant positive correlation (P0.01), indicating that they were the most sensitive indexes to reflect the activity of soil enzyme and its dynamic changes. (5) compared with the treatment of single fertilizer and single application of organic fertilizer, the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer was more helpful to improve the yield of two kinds of wheat and rice, and the organic and inorganic fertilizer. In addition, 30% pig manure nitrogen +70% fertilizer nitrogen had the best ability to increase crop yield.
【学位授予单位】：四川农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S153;S154.2

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