水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响

发布时间：2018-06-11 20:08

本文选题：灌溉 + 氮肥　；参考：《植物营养与肥料学报》2016年04期

【摘要】：【目的】针对我国设施蔬菜生产中存在的水肥过量施用问题,研究不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄种植体系内的土壤氨挥发特征,探讨影响设施菜地土壤氨挥发的重要因子,为降低氮肥的氨挥发损失、建立合理的灌溉和施肥制度提供参考。【方法】以华北平原设施黄瓜-番茄轮作菜地为研究对象,设常规灌溉(W1)和减量灌溉(W2)2个灌溉水平,每种灌溉水平下设不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)3个氮水平,共6个处理组合(W1N0、W1N1、W1N2、W2N0、W2N1、W2N2)。采用通气法监测不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄轮作体系内的土壤氨挥发动态,分析与土壤氨挥发相关的主要影响因子。【结果】设施黄瓜-番茄种植体系内表层(0—10 cm)土壤铵态氮受施肥的影响波动较大,与常规施氮(N2)相比,相同灌水条件下减量施氮(N1)处理的0—10 cm土层铵态氮浓度最高值降低了25.1%30.3%(P0.05)。减量施氮可显著降低土壤氨挥发速率。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)在黄瓜季和番茄季内的氨挥发速率均值分别降低了21.1%22.8%(P0.05)和16.5%17.9%(P0.05)。整个黄瓜-番茄轮作周期内,土壤氨挥发损失量和氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别为17.8 48.1 kg/hm2和1.23%1.44%。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)的土壤氨挥发损失量及氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别降低了19.3%20.0%(P0.05)和0.85 0.92个百分点。各处理土壤氨挥发速率与0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度呈显著或极显著正相关,说明0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度是土壤氨挥发的重要驱动因子。与常规灌溉(W1)相比,减量灌溉(W2)条件下设施菜地土壤氨挥发速率及氨挥发损失量略有增加(P0.05)。适宜减少氮肥及灌溉量不仅能够维持较高的蔬菜产量,而且显著提高了灌溉水和氮肥的利用效率。其中减量施氮处理(N1)的氮肥农学效率比常规施氮(N2)提高了95.4%146.4%;减量灌溉(W2)的灌溉水农学效率比常规灌溉(W1)提高了27.7%54.0%。【结论】通过合理的节水减氮措施可达到抑制氮肥氨挥发损失、增加产量以及提高水氮利用效率的目的。在供试条件下,节水30%左右、减施氮量25%的水氮组合(W2N1)具有较佳的经济效益与环境效应。
[Abstract]:[objective] to study the characteristics of soil ammonia volatilization in cucumber tomato planting system under different water and nitrogen conditions, and to discuss the important factors affecting ammonia volatilization in greenhouse vegetable production. In order to reduce the ammonia volatilization loss of nitrogen fertilizer and to establish a reasonable irrigation and fertilization system, two irrigation levels, conventional irrigation (W1) and reduced irrigation (W22), were set up in the greenhouse cucumber and tomato rotation vegetable fields in North China Plain. Under each irrigation level, there were three nitrogen levels: no N _ 0 N _ 0, N _ 2 N _ 1) and N _ 2N _ 2N _ 2N _ 2N _ 2). There were six treatments, W1N _ 0 and W _ 1N _ 1C _ 1N _ 1C _ 1N _ 2N _ 2C _ 2N _ 2N _ 2N _ 2. The soil ammonia volatilization dynamics in cucumber tomato rotation system were monitored by aeration method under different water and nitrogen conditions. The main influencing factors related to ammonia volatilization in soil were analyzed. [results] the effect of fertilization on soil ammonium nitrogen in the surface layer of cucumber tomato planting system was larger than that of conventional nitrogen fertilizer N _ 2). Under the same irrigation condition, the highest concentration of ammonium nitrogen in 0-10 cm soil layer decreased by 25.10.3% and P 0.05% under the same irrigation condition. Soil ammonia volatilization rate was significantly decreased by reducing nitrogen application. The average ammonia volatilization rate in cucumber season and tomato season was decreased by 21.1 ". 8% P0.05) and 16.5% P0.05% respectively. The soil ammonia volatilization loss and nitrogen fertilizer volatilization loss rate were 17.848.1 kg/hm2 and 1.231.44 kg/hm2, respectively, during the whole cucumber tomato rotation period. Compared with the conventional N 2 application, the soil ammonia volatilization loss and the ammonia volatilization loss rate of N fertilizer decreased by 19.30% and 0.85 0.92%, respectively. The ammonia volatilization rate of each treatment was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in 0-10 cm soil, indicating that the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in 0-10 cm soil was an important driving factor for ammonia volatilization. Compared with conventional irrigation (W1), the ammonia volatilization rate and ammonia volatilization loss of vegetable soil under reduced irrigation (W2) increased slightly (P 0.05). The suitable reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation amount can not only maintain higher vegetable yield, but also significantly improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer. The agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer treated with reduced nitrogen application was increased by 95.4 ~ 6.4g / L than that by conventional N ~ + -N _ 2), and the agronomic efficiency of irrigation water by reducing N _ 2) was increased by 27.7T.0g) compared with that by conventional irrigation. [conclusion] the ammonia volatilization loss of nitrogen fertilizer can be restrained by reasonable measures of saving water and reducing nitrogen. The purpose of increasing yield and increasing water and nitrogen use efficiency. Under the test condition, the combination of water and nitrogen with water saving about 30% and nitrogen reducing rate 25% has better economic benefit and environmental effect.
【作者单位】：北京农业智能装备技术研究中心;中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所耕地培育技术国家工程实验室;内蒙古低碳发展研究院;
【基金】：国家高技术研究发展计划项目(2013AA102901) 北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20140415) 公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203077) 北京市农林科学院青年基金(QNJJ201421) 北京市优秀人才项目(2015000057592G267)资助
【分类号】：S143.1;S626

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