玉米行间定点扎穴深施追肥机设计与研究

发布时间：2018-06-30 18:44

本文选题：玉米行间 + 定点扎穴　；参考：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：玉米是粮食、饲料、工业原料、能源等多用途作物,种植面积和总产均位列全球第一。提高玉米单产和总产水平,是确保国家粮食安全和促进农民增产增收的重要途径。大喇叭口期是玉米生长发育最旺盛的阶段,是养分需求最大的时期,大喇叭口期追肥对提高玉米产量具有决定性的作用。但是,由于玉米大喇叭口期植株高大、机械进地困难,往往采用人工撒施追肥或小型追肥器追肥,追肥效率低下、肥料撒施地表污染环境且肥料利用率低,造成严重的资源浪费。因此,本文针对玉米中后期追肥机械化水平低且追肥困难的问题,结合玉米追肥农艺要求,设计了一种玉米行间定点扎穴深施追肥机,研究了玉米行间定点追肥技术,进行了各关键部件的结构设计与参数优化,通过田间试验分析了追肥机的追肥性能。主要结论和研究成果如下:(1)首次进行玉米行间机械化定点追肥技术研究,设计了追肥点定位装置。采用正交试验方法研究追肥时期、追肥深度和追肥点与玉米植株距离对玉米生长及产量的影响,确定最优的水平组合,并以此为根据设计了追肥点定位装置,对装置玉米植株位置探测、位置信号传递、动力传递及定点确定原理进行分析,计算得到追肥点的理论位置距离玉米植株109～125 mm,追肥深度80～100mm,探测杆长度100 mm,曲柄长度70 mm,连杆长度150 mm,扎穴器长度566 mm;通过Matlab软件对扎穴器顶点的运动轨迹进行了模拟,结果表明扎穴器的扎穴深度为100 mm,运动到地面以下时作垂直运动,水平位移为0,满足垂直扎穴和零速排肥的要求。(2)设计了新型的成穴装置,建立蹄型滑轨、成穴器等部件参数设计的数学模型。采用旋转正交方法进行土壤参数标定并进行结果优化,通过土槽试验进行结果验证,得到粘湿土壤JKR表面能为6J/m2,弹性恢复系数为0.33,静摩擦系数为0.91,滚动摩擦系数为0.07;建立成穴器入土扎穴仿真模型,结果表明,3种成穴器在相同的入土深度处的阻力大小分别为鸭嘴型扁嘴型圆锥型,最大正压力分别为47.06N、45.82N和41.48N,3种成穴器形成穴孔截面面积关系为扁嘴型鸭嘴型圆锥型,综合3种成穴器的入土阻力值和穴孔截面面积,最终选取扁嘴型成穴器作为追肥机的成穴器,保证穴底肥料分布均匀。(3)设计了新型间歇式排肥装置,建立颗粒肥料与排肥装置的仿真模型,分析排肥性能及肥料颗粒在排肥轮中的运动情况,并进行排肥轮结构参数优化,结果得到挡肥块厚度5 mm,排肥轮旋转角度120°,单次排肥量满足穴施追肥3-15g的要求。(4)基于关键功能部件的结构原理,设计了玉米行间定点扎穴深施追肥机,介绍了该机的总体结构及工作原理,对追肥装置各运动部件进行时序分析,并对主要运动部件的振动进行分析,结果表明追肥机各功能部件均满足设计要求,有望解决玉米中后期机械化行间追肥困难的问题。发表论文2篇,发明专利1项。(5)田间追肥试验结果表明,随着追肥机前进速度的增加,漏追率提高,竖直方向振幅和水平方向的路径偏移量均增加,追肥深度和扎穴点与对应植株距离波动越大,稳定性越差。综合考虑追肥机的追肥稳定性和工作效率,前进速度选取为0.8 m/s左右最佳。
[Abstract]:Corn is a multipurpose crop, such as grain, feed, industrial raw material, energy and so on. The planting area and total yield are ranked first in the world. Improving the yield and the total yield of corn is an important way to ensure the national grain safety and increase the yield and increase the income of the farmers. Trumpet manure has a decisive role in improving maize yield. However, due to the large plant in the bell mouth stage and the difficulty of mechanical entry, it is often used to apply manure or minitype fertilizer recovery, low efficiency, fertilizer application and low fertilizer utilization, thus causing serious waste of resources. Therefore, this paper is a serious waste of resources. Therefore, this paper is a serious waste of resources. In view of the low level of mechanization and the difficulty of dressing fertilizer in the middle and late period of maize, a deep dressing machine was designed in combination with the requirement of corn dressing, and the site fixed-point dressing technology of maize was studied. The structure design and parameter optimization of the key components were carried out. The fertilizer pursuit of the machine was analyzed by field experiment. The main conclusions and research results are as follows: (1) for the first time, the mechanized site dressing technology of maize was studied, and the positioning device of the dressing point was designed. The orthogonal test method was used to study the influence of the dressing depth and the distance between the dressing point and the maize plant on the growth and yield of maize. The positioning device was designed to detect the position of maize plant position, position signal transmission, power transmission and fixed point determination principle. The theoretical location of the fertilizer tracing point was calculated to be 109~125 mm from maize plant, 80 to 100mm in depth of dressing, 100 mm for the length of probe rod, 70 mm for crank length, 150 mm for connecting rod and 566 m in length of ligature M; simulate the movement track of the vertex of the hole holder through the Matlab software. The results show that the depth of the hole ligation is 100 mm, and the horizontal displacement is 0 when moving to the ground. (2) a new type of hole forming device is designed, and the parameters of the hoof type slide rail and the hole forming device are designed. The soil parameters are calibrated by rotary orthogonal method and the results are optimized. Through the soil trough test, it is proved that the JKR surface can be 6J/m2, the elastic recovery coefficient is 0.33, the static friction coefficient is 0.91, the rolling friction coefficient is 0.07, and the simulation model of the hole forming device is established, and the results show that 3 kinds of forms are formed. The resistance size of the acupoint at the same depth is the flat beak type conical type of the duck mouth type, the maximum positive pressure is 47.06N, 45.82N and 41.48N respectively. The section area of the 3 acupoint forming holes is flat mouth type duckbill type conical type, and the soil resistance value of the 3 acupoints and the section area of the hole hole are integrated. Finally, the flat mouth type acupoint is selected as the acupoint. In order to ensure the distribution of fertilizer at the bottom of the hole, the distribution of fertilizer is uniform. (3) a new type of batch fertilizer device is designed, the simulation model of the granular fertilizer and the fertilizer arrangement is set up, the performance of the fertilizer and the movement of the fertilizer particles in the dressing wheel are analyzed, and the structure parameters of the manure wheel are optimized. The result is that the thickness of the block fertilizer block is 5 mm, and the rotation angle of the dressing wheel is obtained. 120 degree, the quantity of the single row manure meets the requirement of the manure 3-15g. (4) based on the structural principle of key functional components, a deep dressing machine is designed for the fixed point ligation of the corn. The overall structure and working principle of the machine are introduced. The timing analysis of the moving parts of the dressing device is carried out, and the vibration of the main moving parts is analyzed. The results show that the vibration of the main moving parts is analyzed. The functional components of the finishing machine all meet the design requirements, and it is expected to solve the problem of the difficulty of manuring in the middle and late period of maize. 2 papers and 1 invention patents are published. (5) the field fertilization test results show that the rate of leakage chasing increases with the increase of the speed of the fertilizer tracing machine, and the path offset of vertical square to amplitude and horizontal direction is increased, and the dressing is pursued. The greater the distance between the depth and the point of the point and the corresponding plant, the worse the stability is. Considering the stability and efficiency of the dressing machine, the speed of advance is about 0.8 m/s.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S224.2

【参考文献】