稻田养分流失和经济林水土流失控制技术的研究

发布时间：2018-07-01 08:07

本文选题：水稻 + 有机无机肥配施　；参考：《浙江大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：稻田的氮磷养分流失是农业面源污染的主要来源。经济林产业在我国发展迅速,但因缺乏管理、过度开发使得我国经济林水土流失和养分流失问题严重。稻田的养分流失和经济林的土壤侵蚀问题已经严重阻碍了我国农业可持续发展和环境友好。控制养分的投入和地表径流的流失是降低氮磷污染负荷的重要手段。本论文通过田间试验研究了有机无机肥配施、施用包膜尿素等不同施肥方式对水稻生长和稻田氮磷流失的影响、通过径流小区试验研究了不同土地管理方式下对板栗林水土流失和养分流失的影响。取得以下主要结果:1)双季稻田间试验结果表明,高产高效施肥处理CM(N)和氮高效施肥处理CM(-N)籽粒产量、地上部氮磷积累量均与常规施肥处理FP无显著差异。晚稻高产高效施肥处理CM(N)和氮高效施肥处理CM(-N)氮表观利用率显著高于常规施肥处理FP。说明有机无机肥配施可以保证早晚稻的籽粒产量并提高晚稻和年际的化肥氮表观利用率。2)单季稻田间试验结果表明,在减少氮肥30%和磷肥40%的优化测土配方施肥基础上,25%有机肥氮替代化肥处理(T4)籽粒产量与地上部氮积累量显著高于习惯施肥处理(T1);有机肥氮替代化肥处理(T4)地表径流水中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机态氮、总磷和无机磷浓度及流失量显著低于习惯施肥处理(T1),各处理间总径流量无显著差异,因此稻田径流中氮磷流失量的减少主要是通过降低径流水中各形态氮磷元素的浓度实现。3)单季稻田间试验结果表明,优化测土配方施肥(包膜尿素T4)籽粒产量和地上部氮磷总积累量与习惯施肥无显著差异,地表径流水中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机态氮、总磷和无机磷浓度及流失量显著低于习惯施肥处理(T1),各处理间总径流水量差异不显著。说明优化测土配方施肥(包膜尿素T4)可以保证水稻的产量并减少稻田地表径流中氮磷的流失量,主要通过降低稻田地表径流水中各形态氮磷元素的浓度来实现。4)两个单季稻田间试验结果表明,水稻地表径流水中总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮浓度分别与土壤总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量基本呈极显著正相关(P0.01),水稻生长后期地表径流水中总磷、无机磷浓度与土壤总磷、无机磷含量基本呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。说明水稻地表径流水中氮磷元素主要来自于土壤水溶性氮磷,并随其含量的增加而增加,因此减少单次肥料的投入量或施用缓释肥料可以有效减少土壤中的水溶性氮磷元素含量,从而减少其随地表径流流失的风险。6)板栗径流小区试验结果表明,配植水竹条处理(T3、T4和T5)总径流水量和总泥沙量均显著低于习惯施肥处理(T1)。T1、T3和T4处理的径流水中总氮、铵态氮浓度及泥沙中全氮全磷含量差异不显著。T4处理径流水中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机态氮、总磷、无机磷流失量以及泥沙中氮磷流失量显著低于习惯施肥处理T1,这主要是由于降低了径流水量和泥沙量所导致。
[Abstract]:The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in rice fields is the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution. Economic forest industry has developed rapidly in China. But due to lack of management, excessive exploitation has caused serious problems of soil erosion and nutrient loss in China's economic forest. The problem of nutrient loss in rice fields and soil erosion in economic forests has seriously hindered the sustainable development and development of agriculture in China. Environmental friendly. Control of nutrient input and loss of surface runoff is an important means to reduce the load of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. In this paper, the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on the growth of rice and nitrogen and phosphorus loss in rice field were studied by field experiments, and different land managers were studied through runoff plot test. The main results were as follows: 1) 1) the results of double season rice field test showed that high yield and high efficiency fertilization treatment CM (N) and nitrogen efficient fertilization treatment CM (-N) grain yield, the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper part of the ground was not significantly different from that of the conventional fertilizer treatment FP. The high yield and high efficiency fertilizer treatment of late rice was CM (N) and nitrogen high. The apparent utilization rate of CM (-N) nitrogen was significantly higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment (FP.). The results showed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer could guarantee the grain yield of early and late rice and increase the apparent utilization rate of fertilizer nitrogen.2 in late rice and interannual. The results of single season rice field test showed that 25% organic fertilizer was on the basis of optimized soil formula fertilization with 30% nitrogen fertilizer and 40% phosphorus fertilizer. The yield of T4 and the accumulation of nitrogen in the upper ground were significantly higher than that of the conventional fertilization treatment (T1), and the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus concentration and loss of total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus were significantly lower than that of the conventional fertilizer treatment (T1), and there was no significant difference in total runoff between the treatments (T4). The decrease of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff of paddy field is mainly by reducing the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff water. The results of single season rice field test show that there is no significant difference between the grain yield and the total nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in the soil on the surface of the surface runoff and the total nitrogen and ammonium in the surface runoff. The results show that there is no significant difference between the total nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in the upper ground and the nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff. Nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus concentration and loss amount were significantly lower than that of conventional fertilization treatment (T1), and the total runoff difference between each treatment was not significant. It indicated that the optimized soil testing formula fertilizer (coated urea T4) could guarantee rice yield and reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff of rice field, mainly by reducing the surface runoff of rice field. The results of two single season rice field tests showed that total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentration in rice surface runoff were significantly positively correlated with soil total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content respectively (P0.01), and the total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus concentration and total soil total in the surface runoff of rice in the late period of growth, respectively, in two single season rice field tests. The content of phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus has a very significant positive correlation (P0.01). It shows that the nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the surface runoff of rice mainly come from the water soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, and increase with the increase of their content. Therefore, reducing the input of single fertilizer or applying the slow release fertilizer can effectively reduce the water soluble nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil soil, thus reducing the content of the water soluble nitrogen and phosphorus. The results of chestnut runoff plot test showed that the total runoff and total sediment of T3, T4 and T5 were significantly lower than that of conventional fertilization (T1).T1. The total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen concentration and total nitrogen total phosphorus content in sediment treated by T3 and T4 were not significantly different from the total nitrogen in.6 runoff. Ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, the loss of inorganic phosphorus and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediment were significantly lower than that of the conventional fertilizer treatment T1, which was mainly caused by reducing the amount of water and sediment.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S157;S714.7

【参考文献】