昆明市食物生产消费系统氮磷碳素流动及其环境负荷
发布时间：2018-08-04 21:02
【摘要】：随着城镇化进程的不断推进,食物生产消费系统中氮磷碳素的梯级流动变化引发了严重的环境问题。市级尺度上氮磷碳素梯级流动以及利用效率、影响因子的分析研究不多。因而,本文基于统计数据的调查分析,运用物质流分析法原理,建立了食物生产消费系统氮磷碳素流动模型,系统分析了 1989-2013年昆明市食物生产消费系统氮磷碳素流动变化、造成的环境负荷及利用效率。本研究的主要结果如下:(1)昆明市作物生产系统氮素投入由1989年的48.94Gg/a增长至2013年的113. 64Gg/a,磷素投入由8. 81Gg/a增长至25. 72Gg/a,这主要是由化肥投入增长引起。人均氮素投入量由1989年的11.6kg/a增长至2013年的17.27kg/a,人均磷素投入量由2. 09kg/a增长至3. 91kg/a。总投入量的增加不仅导致了人均氮磷素增长,而且由此造成的氮磷素环境负荷也分别由1989年的7. 48Gg/a和0. 61Gg/a增长至2013年的15. 97Gg/a和1. 04Gg/a。其中,损失进入大气的氮素由1989年的5. 52Gg/a增长至2013年的11. 78Gg/a,进入水体的氮素由1. 96Gg/a增长至4. 19Gg/a,进入水体的磷素由0. 61Gg/a增长至1. 04Gg/a。(2)畜禽养殖系统氮磷素投入主要来源于饲料,受昆明市畜禽养殖规模不断扩大的影响,氮素总投入由1989年的37. 91Gg/a增长至2013的275. 78Gg/a,磷素总投入由7Gg/a增长至49.47Gg/a。人均氮磷素投入量也分别由1989年的8. 99kg/a和1. 66kg/a增长至2013年的41. 92kg/a和7. 52kg/a。环境氮负荷总量由1989年的18. 2Gg/a增长至2013年的55. 48Gg/a,其中损失进入大气的氮素由8.76Gg/a增长至34.67Gg/a,损失进入水体的氮素由9.44Gg/a增长至20. 81Gg/a。环境磷负荷总量由1989年的3. 2Gg/a增长至2013年的7. 45Gg/a。畜禽养殖系统氮磷素流动造成的环境负荷主要是畜禽粪尿的排放,分别由1989年的 18. 2Gg/a 和 3. 2Gg/a 增长至 2013 年的 55. 48Gg/a 和 7. 45Gg/a。(3)食物消费系统中主要的氮磷素投入来自于植物性食物。近年来因城镇化发展带来经济水平的提高,使得食物消费模式由温饱型向营养型转变,由此导致植物性食物氮磷消费量降低,动物性食物氮磷消费量增长。食物消费系统中损失进入大气的氮素明显下降,而进入水体和土壤的氮素有不断增长的趋势;损失进入水体的磷素不断下降,进入土壤的磷素不断增长。(4)作物生产和畜禽养殖系统中碳汇总量由1989年的705. 44Gg增长至2013年的1195. 53Gg,这与作物总产量不断增长有关;碳排量也逐年上升,由1989年的496. 92Gg增长至2013年的1012. 33Gg,这主要与化肥、农药等农用物资的大量投入有关。碳排增速远大于碳汇增速。食物消费系统中碳素投入由1989年的322. 87Gg/a降低至2013年的294. 53Gg/a,其中动物性食物碳消费总量上涨了 145.88%,植物性食物碳消费总量下降了 21.23%。食物碳素消费造成的环境负荷中,损失进入大气的碳素比例最高,其次是土壤,最少的是水体,其中进入大气的碳素波动下降,进入土壤和水体的碳素明显增长。(5) 1989-2013年昆明市食物生产消费系统氮素总投入量由1989年的64.19Gg/a增长至2013年的331.14Gg/a,磷素总投入量由1989年的10. 83Gg/a增长至2013年的62. 7Gg/a,主要是受进口饲料增长的影响,昆明市本地的饲料供给已经难以满足其日益扩大的畜禽养殖规模,需要从外地进口大量饲料以维持畜禽生长。各环节损失进入环境的氮磷素中,动物性食物生产加工损失氮磷最多,且逐年增长,分别由1989年的18.77Gg/a和3.44Gg/a增长至2013年的73.08Gg/a和10.35Gg/a,说明居民膳食结构的转变是造成环境负荷增长的重要因素。(6) 1989-2013年昆明市作物生产系统氮磷素利用效率分别由1989年的29. 85%和26. 73%降低至2013年的20. 21%和15. 85%,畜禽养殖系统氮磷素利用效率大约稳定在6%和2%,作物生产和畜禽养殖系统氮磷素综合利用效率分别由1989年的19. 31%和15. 85%降低至2013年的10. 35%和6. 70%,氮磷素内部循环利用率分别由1989年的35. 31%和45. 94%降低至2013年的17. 60%和19. 91%。因而可以看出,一是畜禽养殖系统氮磷素利用效率很低,主要由于昆明市动物性食物出产率很低,投入畜禽养殖系统的氮磷素绝大部分都留在了未出栏的活体动物内,没有成为肉蛋奶等可以供居民食用的食物;二是内部循环利用率二十多年来下降明显。为减少氮磷素环境负荷并提高利用效率,建议采用以下措施:一是减少化肥氮磷投入,提高化肥利用效率;二是有效且高效利用畜禽饲料,同时尽可能地资源化与循环利用畜禽粪尿;三是注意合理膳食,实现人粪尿和厨余垃圾的资源化利用,减少食物浪费。(7) 1989-2013年昆明市作物生产和畜禽养殖系统中碳汇强度基本持平,稳定在2. 65t/hm2,碳排强度由1989年的1. 86 t/hm2增长至2013年的2. 24 t/hm2。净碳汇量呈下降趋势,由1989年的208. 52Gg降低至2013年的183. 2Gg。碳汇水平总体呈下降态势,由1989年的141. 96%下降至2013年的118. 1%。昆明市需大力提倡低碳农业理念,降低温室气体排放量,整体上提高作物生产系统的碳汇能力。
[Abstract]:With the continuous advancement of urbanization process, the change of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system has caused serious environmental problems. The analysis and study of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon ladder flow, utilization efficiency and influence factors on the municipal scale are not much. A model of nitrogen and phosphorus carbon flow in the food production and consumption system was established. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system in Kunming for 1989-2013 years were systematically analyzed. The environmental load and utilization efficiency were caused. The main results of this study were as follows: (1) the nitrogen input of the crop production system in Kunming was increased from 48.94Gg/a in 1989 to 113. in 2013. 64Gg/a, phosphorus input increased from 8. 81Gg/a to 25. 72Gg/a, which was mainly caused by the increase of fertilizer input. The per capita nitrogen input increased from 11.6kg/a in 1989 to 17.27kg/a in 2013. The increase of per capita P input from 2. 09kg/a to 3. 91kg/a. total input not only resulted in the growth of per capita nitrogen and phosphorus, but also the resulting nitrogen. The phosphorus environmental load also increased from 7. 48Gg/a and 0. 61Gg/a in 1989 to 15. 97Gg/a and 1. 04Gg/a. in 2013, and the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 5. 52Gg/a in 1989 to 11. 78Gg/a in 2013, and the nitrogen into the water body increased from 1. 96Gg/a to 4. 19Gg/a, and the phosphorus in the water body increased from 0. 61Gg/a to 1. 04Gg/a. (2) animal. The input of nitrogen and phosphorus in poultry breeding system mainly comes from feed, which is influenced by the continuous expansion of the scale of livestock and poultry in Kunming. The total input of nitrogen is increased from 37. 91Gg/a in 1989 to 2013 of 275. 78Gg/a. The total input of phosphorus is increased from 7Gg/a to 49.47Gg/a. per capita from 8. 99kg/a and 1. 66kg/a in 1989 to 4 in 2013, respectively. The total nitrogen load of 1. 92kg/a and 7. 52kg/a. increased from 18. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013, in which the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 8.76Gg/a to 34.67Gg/a, and the amount of nitrogen lost into the water body increased from 9.44Gg/a to 20. 81Gg/a. from 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 7. 45Gg/a. livestock and poultry in 2013. The environmental load caused by system nitrogen and phosphorus flow is mainly the discharge of livestock and poultry, from 18. 2Gg/a and 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013 and 7. 45Gg/a. (3) in the food consumption system. The main nitrogen and phosphorus input from the food consumption system comes from the plant food. In recent years, the economic level of urbanization has been raised, which has caused the improvement of the economic level. The consumption pattern of food consumption changed from feeding type to nutritive type, which resulted in the decrease of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in plant food and the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in animal food. The nitrogen loss into the atmosphere in the food consumption system decreased obviously, while the nitrogen in the water and soil had a growing trend, and the phosphorus loss into the water body declined continuously. The phosphorus in the soil increased continuously. (4) the amount of carbon sinks in crop production and livestock breeding system increased from 705. 44Gg in 1989 to 1195. 53Gg in 2013, which was related to the increase of total crop yield, and the carbon emission increased from 496. 92Gg in 1989 to 1012. 33Gg in 2013, mainly with the large amount of agricultural chemicals such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The carbon consumption in the food consumption system was reduced from 322. 87Gg/a in 1989 to 294. 53Gg/a in 2013, of which the total amount of animal food carbon consumption increased by 145.88%, and the total amount of vegetable carbon consumption decreased in the environmental load caused by 21.23%. food carbon consumption. The carbon ratio of the gas is the highest, followed by the soil, the lowest is the water body, in which the fluctuation of the carbon in the atmosphere decreases and the carbon in the soil and water increase obviously. (5) the total input of nitrogen in the food production and consumption system of Kunming city increased from 64.19Gg/a in 1989 to 331.14Gg/a in 2013, and the total input of phosphorus was 10.83 in 1989. Gg/a increased to 62. 7Gg/a in 2013, mainly affected by the growth of imported feed. The local feed supply in Kunming has been difficult to meet the growing scale of livestock and poultry breeding. A large amount of feed is imported from other countries to maintain the growth of livestock and poultry. More, and increased year by year, from 18.77Gg/a and 3.44Gg/a in 1989 to 73.08Gg/a and 10.35Gg/a in 2013 respectively, indicating that the transformation of the residents' dietary structure is an important factor in the growth of environmental load. (6) the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of the crop production system in Kunming was reduced from 29.85% and 26.73% in 1989 to 20. in 2013. 21% and 15.85%, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system was approximately 6% and 2%. The efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization in crop production and livestock breeding system decreased from 19.31% and 15.85% in 1989 to 10.35% and 6.70% in 2013, and the internal recycling utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased from 35.31% and 45.94% in 1989 to 17.60 in 2013, respectively. % and 19. 91%., therefore, it can be seen that the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in livestock and poultry farming system is very low, mainly due to the low production rate of animal food in Kunming, and most of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system remain in the living animals that have not been fended, and have not become the food for the residents to be eaten by meat and egg milk, and the two is the internal circulation profit. In order to reduce the environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus and improve the utilization efficiency, the following measures are proposed: first, reducing the input of nitrogen and phosphorus in chemical fertilizer and improving the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer; two is effective and efficient use of livestock and poultry feed, at the same time, as far as possible resources and recycling of livestock and poultry manure; three is to pay attention to reasonable diet to realize human feces. The resource utilization of urine and kitchen waste can reduce the waste of food. (7) the carbon sink intensity in the crop production and livestock breeding system in Kunming was basically flat in 1989-2013 years, stable in 2. 65t/hm2, the carbon sequestration from 1.86 t/hm2 in 1989 to 2.24 t/hm2. in 2013 decreased, from 208. 52Gg in 1989 to 1 in 2013. 83. 2Gg. carbon sequestration level generally declined, from 141.96% in 1989 to 118. 1%. in 2013. Kunming city should vigorously promote the concept of low carbon agriculture, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the carbon sequestration capacity of crop production system as a whole.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X71;X26
[Abstract]:With the continuous advancement of urbanization process, the change of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system has caused serious environmental problems. The analysis and study of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon ladder flow, utilization efficiency and influence factors on the municipal scale are not much. A model of nitrogen and phosphorus carbon flow in the food production and consumption system was established. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the food production and consumption system in Kunming for 1989-2013 years were systematically analyzed. The environmental load and utilization efficiency were caused. The main results of this study were as follows: (1) the nitrogen input of the crop production system in Kunming was increased from 48.94Gg/a in 1989 to 113. in 2013. 64Gg/a, phosphorus input increased from 8. 81Gg/a to 25. 72Gg/a, which was mainly caused by the increase of fertilizer input. The per capita nitrogen input increased from 11.6kg/a in 1989 to 17.27kg/a in 2013. The increase of per capita P input from 2. 09kg/a to 3. 91kg/a. total input not only resulted in the growth of per capita nitrogen and phosphorus, but also the resulting nitrogen. The phosphorus environmental load also increased from 7. 48Gg/a and 0. 61Gg/a in 1989 to 15. 97Gg/a and 1. 04Gg/a. in 2013, and the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 5. 52Gg/a in 1989 to 11. 78Gg/a in 2013, and the nitrogen into the water body increased from 1. 96Gg/a to 4. 19Gg/a, and the phosphorus in the water body increased from 0. 61Gg/a to 1. 04Gg/a. (2) animal. The input of nitrogen and phosphorus in poultry breeding system mainly comes from feed, which is influenced by the continuous expansion of the scale of livestock and poultry in Kunming. The total input of nitrogen is increased from 37. 91Gg/a in 1989 to 2013 of 275. 78Gg/a. The total input of phosphorus is increased from 7Gg/a to 49.47Gg/a. per capita from 8. 99kg/a and 1. 66kg/a in 1989 to 4 in 2013, respectively. The total nitrogen load of 1. 92kg/a and 7. 52kg/a. increased from 18. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013, in which the nitrogen loss into the atmosphere increased from 8.76Gg/a to 34.67Gg/a, and the amount of nitrogen lost into the water body increased from 9.44Gg/a to 20. 81Gg/a. from 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 7. 45Gg/a. livestock and poultry in 2013. The environmental load caused by system nitrogen and phosphorus flow is mainly the discharge of livestock and poultry, from 18. 2Gg/a and 3. 2Gg/a in 1989 to 55. 48Gg/a in 2013 and 7. 45Gg/a. (3) in the food consumption system. The main nitrogen and phosphorus input from the food consumption system comes from the plant food. In recent years, the economic level of urbanization has been raised, which has caused the improvement of the economic level. The consumption pattern of food consumption changed from feeding type to nutritive type, which resulted in the decrease of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in plant food and the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption in animal food. The nitrogen loss into the atmosphere in the food consumption system decreased obviously, while the nitrogen in the water and soil had a growing trend, and the phosphorus loss into the water body declined continuously. The phosphorus in the soil increased continuously. (4) the amount of carbon sinks in crop production and livestock breeding system increased from 705. 44Gg in 1989 to 1195. 53Gg in 2013, which was related to the increase of total crop yield, and the carbon emission increased from 496. 92Gg in 1989 to 1012. 33Gg in 2013, mainly with the large amount of agricultural chemicals such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The carbon consumption in the food consumption system was reduced from 322. 87Gg/a in 1989 to 294. 53Gg/a in 2013, of which the total amount of animal food carbon consumption increased by 145.88%, and the total amount of vegetable carbon consumption decreased in the environmental load caused by 21.23%. food carbon consumption. The carbon ratio of the gas is the highest, followed by the soil, the lowest is the water body, in which the fluctuation of the carbon in the atmosphere decreases and the carbon in the soil and water increase obviously. (5) the total input of nitrogen in the food production and consumption system of Kunming city increased from 64.19Gg/a in 1989 to 331.14Gg/a in 2013, and the total input of phosphorus was 10.83 in 1989. Gg/a increased to 62. 7Gg/a in 2013, mainly affected by the growth of imported feed. The local feed supply in Kunming has been difficult to meet the growing scale of livestock and poultry breeding. A large amount of feed is imported from other countries to maintain the growth of livestock and poultry. More, and increased year by year, from 18.77Gg/a and 3.44Gg/a in 1989 to 73.08Gg/a and 10.35Gg/a in 2013 respectively, indicating that the transformation of the residents' dietary structure is an important factor in the growth of environmental load. (6) the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of the crop production system in Kunming was reduced from 29.85% and 26.73% in 1989 to 20. in 2013. 21% and 15.85%, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system was approximately 6% and 2%. The efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization in crop production and livestock breeding system decreased from 19.31% and 15.85% in 1989 to 10.35% and 6.70% in 2013, and the internal recycling utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased from 35.31% and 45.94% in 1989 to 17.60 in 2013, respectively. % and 19. 91%., therefore, it can be seen that the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in livestock and poultry farming system is very low, mainly due to the low production rate of animal food in Kunming, and most of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry breeding system remain in the living animals that have not been fended, and have not become the food for the residents to be eaten by meat and egg milk, and the two is the internal circulation profit. In order to reduce the environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus and improve the utilization efficiency, the following measures are proposed: first, reducing the input of nitrogen and phosphorus in chemical fertilizer and improving the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer; two is effective and efficient use of livestock and poultry feed, at the same time, as far as possible resources and recycling of livestock and poultry manure; three is to pay attention to reasonable diet to realize human feces. The resource utilization of urine and kitchen waste can reduce the waste of food. (7) the carbon sink intensity in the crop production and livestock breeding system in Kunming was basically flat in 1989-2013 years, stable in 2. 65t/hm2, the carbon sequestration from 1.86 t/hm2 in 1989 to 2.24 t/hm2. in 2013 decreased, from 208. 52Gg in 1989 to 1 in 2013. 83. 2Gg. carbon sequestration level generally declined, from 141.96% in 1989 to 118. 1%. in 2013. Kunming city should vigorously promote the concept of low carbon agriculture, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the carbon sequestration capacity of crop production system as a whole.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X71;X26
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1 王桂良;崔振岭;陈新平;张福锁;张家宏;王守红;;南方稻田活性氮损失途径及其影响因素[J];应用生态学报;2015年08期
2 刘昱;陈敏鹏;陈吉宁;;农田生态系统碳循环模型研究进展和展望[J];农业工程学报;2015年03期
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