流域农业面源污染控制模拟与优化

发布时间：2018-08-12 08:56

【摘要】：本研究针对东北地区降雨集中、耕层养分含量高、土壤冻融作用强烈、氮磷流失严重特点，通过东北地区农业面源污染形势宏观分析、区域农业面源污染特征分析等大量基础研究选取阿什河流域作为东北地区农业面源污染的典型区域，构建了流域农业面源污染控制模拟优化系统，进行小流域农业面源模拟与优化，并借助软件平台实现了该系统的功能与应用。首先结合东北地区的土地利用现状、农业生产特点以及水文气象特征等方面对农业面源污染形势进行了宏观分析，黑龙江省作为我国的最重要的粮食生产基地，农业污染源数量居全国第一。为更深入地分析东北地区农业面源污染的形势和特征，从农业土地利用状况的诊断入手利用输出负荷模型，对典型农区哈尔滨地区农业面源污染总氮和总磷负荷进行了估算和污染特征分析。该地区作为松花江流域的典型规模集约化农区，农业面源污染负荷输出量呈逐年上升趋势；总氮年输出负荷远高于总磷年输出负荷，是主要的农业面源污染物质；农业土地利用是农业面源污染最大的影响因素，，农业种植用地是该地区农业面源污染最主要的来源，其中又以玉米种植用地贡献率最大。由此表明，规模集约化的农业种植，种植模式单一，为追求产量盲目大量施用化肥是农业面源污染的主要原因。畜禽养殖的第二大农业面源污染来源；由农村居民生活带来的面源污染也不容忽视。为进一步剖析流域农业土地利用与水环境的相互作用机理，提出污染控制优化策略，本研究选择阿什河流域作为研究区域，建立基于全流域的农业面源污染控制模拟与优化系统。在大量收集数据和实地监测的基础上，针对流域农业面源污染负荷模型对基础数据信息的需求，建立农业面源污染基础信息管理系统。将流域内农业面源污染产生及各影响因素与流域出口负荷总量建立响应联系。将改善农业管理措施的成果量化输入模拟与优化系统，评估优化效果，为制定农业面源污染负荷削减优化方案提供依据。为了使整个模拟与优化过程更为精确和简易快捷，本研究将整个数据管理系统、面源污染模拟和优化过程通过计算机软件实现。通过流域农业面源污染的模拟与优化系统对农业面源污染削减措施的评估，从而得出了针对该流域农业面源污染更为有效的控制优化方案，实现了从总体上减少农业面源污染量的目标，为流域农业面源污染控制提供决策支持。模拟与优化结果表明：改善化肥配施比、增施有机肥以及平衡玉米和大豆的种植结构是有效控制该流域农业面源污染的优化策略。
[Abstract]:In view of the characteristics of concentrated rainfall, high nutrient content, strong freezing and thawing of soil and serious loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in Northeast China, the situation of agricultural non-point source pollution in Northeast China was analyzed macroscopically. A large number of basic studies, such as analysis of the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in regional agriculture, selected the Ashe River basin as the typical area of agricultural non-point source pollution in Northeast China, and constructed a simulation and optimization system for agricultural non-point source pollution control in the basin. The function and application of the system are realized by means of the software platform for the simulation and optimization of agricultural non-point source in small watershed. Firstly, considering the present situation of land use, the characteristics of agricultural production and the characteristics of hydrology and meteorology in Northeast China, the situation of agricultural non-point source pollution is analyzed macroscopically. Heilongjiang Province is the most important food production base in China. The number of agricultural pollution sources ranks first in the country. In order to analyze the situation and characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Northeast China, the output load model is used from the diagnosis of agricultural land use condition. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus load of agricultural non-point source pollution in Harbin were estimated and the pollution characteristics were analyzed. As a typical intensive agricultural area of Songhua River basin, the output of agricultural non-point source pollution load is increasing year by year, the annual output load of total nitrogen is much higher than the annual output load of total phosphorus, and it is the main agricultural non-point source pollution material. Agricultural land use is the biggest influencing factor of agricultural non-point source pollution. Agricultural planting land is the most important source of agricultural non-point source pollution in this area. It is concluded that the main reason of agricultural non-point source pollution is intensive agricultural planting on a large scale with a single planting pattern and blind and mass application of chemical fertilizer in pursuit of yield. The second largest agricultural non-point source of pollution in livestock and poultry farming, and the non-point source pollution brought by rural residents can not be ignored. In order to further analyze the interaction mechanism between agricultural land use and water environment, and put forward the optimal pollution control strategy, the Ashe River Basin was selected as the study area. An agricultural non-point source pollution control simulation and optimization system based on the whole basin was established. Based on a large amount of data collection and field monitoring, a basic information management system for agricultural non-point source pollution was established in accordance with the demand of basic data information for agricultural non-point source pollution load model in watershed. The response of agricultural non-point source pollution and its influencing factors to the total export load of the basin was established. The results of improving agricultural management measures are quantified into the simulation and optimization system to evaluate the optimization effect and provide the basis for formulating the optimization scheme of agricultural non-point source pollution load reduction. In order to make the whole simulation and optimization process more accurate and convenient, the whole data management system, non-point source pollution simulation and optimization process are realized by computer software. Through the evaluation of agricultural non-point source pollution reduction measures through the simulation and optimization system of agricultural non-point source pollution in watershed, a more effective control and optimization scheme for agricultural non-point source pollution in this basin is obtained. The goal of reducing the amount of agricultural non-point source pollution is achieved, which provides decision support for agricultural non-point source pollution control in watershed. The results of simulation and optimization showed that the optimization strategy of controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in the watershed was to improve the chemical fertilizer ratio, increase the application of organic fertilizer and balance the planting structure of maize and soybean.
【学位授予单位】：北京理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X71

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