蚯蚓堆肥性质的变化及其对土壤性质与作物生长的影响
发布时间：2018-08-17 08:28
【摘要】：农业废弃物的积累和不当利用造成的资源浪费和环境问题正逐步被社会所关注。将农业废弃物进行堆肥化处理进而还田利用是当前废弃物有效处置的主要手段。但是传统堆肥在养分、有益菌群、堆制时间、外观和运输等方面的问题限制了其广泛推广。利用取食有机碎屑的蚯蚓进行废弃物的再循环利用过程被称为"蚯蚓堆制过程",其堆肥终产物即为"蚯蚓堆肥"。相比传统堆肥,蚯蚓堆肥在改善土壤质量、提高农产品产量和品质的方面的优势也更加受到重视。通过比较典型农业废弃物(牛粪、猪粪和食用菌残渣)在蚯蚓堆制过程中物料的生物和非生物性质的动态变化,并基于蚯蚓堆肥的重金属形态和病原生物进行环境风险评价。在了解蚯蚓堆肥过程的基础上,进一步探讨了蚯蚓堆肥还田对土壤理化和生物学性质及作物产量品质的影响,以期系统评价堆肥对土壤和作物的综合影响。此外,在田间条件下进行了蚯蚓堆肥与根际促生菌协同效应的研究,以期发挥蚯蚓堆肥的资源丰富与根际促生菌的促生优势,探讨蚯蚓堆肥与根际促生菌的协同积极效应。具体研究结果如下:1、基于蚯蚓堆制试验,从化学性质分析,蚯蚓可以强化堆肥的矿化和腐殖化过程,强化有机质的分解作用,降低有机碳,提高全氮、全磷和全钾的含量,从而降低C/N比;蚯蚓对可溶性有机物(DOC和DON)的影响分为两个阶段,堆肥初期能够促进小分子有机化合物的产生,提高其含量,随着堆肥过程的进行,可溶性有机物不断被微生物利用,矿化作用产生可供植物直接吸收的无机养分,DOC和DON含量逐渐降低,DOC/DON比也随之降低。2、基于蚯蚓堆制试验,从生物学性质分析,蚯蚓对微生物的作用也可为两个阶段,初期蚯蚓活动可以促进微生物生长,微生物生物量碳氮含量(MBC,MBN)和基础呼吸强度(BR)升高。随着堆制过程进行,由于微生物的可利用资源枯竭,BR下降,但由于蚯蚓划分泌的粘液及排泄物等的存在可以在一定时期内仍然维持微生物生物量在一个相对稳定的状态。而蚯蚓对真菌生物量的影响与之相反,在堆肥前期有一定的抑制作用,但到后期反而能够促进真菌的增长。整个堆肥过程中,蚯蚓是始终抑制线虫数量的增长,尤其能抑制食真菌线虫在堆肥后期的爆发。3、分析蚯蚓堆肥中重金属形态与病原生物发现,在蚯蚓堆肥系统中,蚯蚓活动可以强化有机质的降解,这对重金属有一定的生物放大作用,导致重金属的浓度显著升高。但是,腐殖化过程中腐殖酸组分尤其是胡敏酸组分含量也显著升高,相应的,其对有效态重金属就会产生强烈的络合作用,加上蚯蚓体对重金属的富集作用,导致重金属的有效态组分在总量中所占的比例是显著降低的。蚯蚓活动对病原生物有一定的抑制作用,堆肥中粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率均达到国家标准。4、基于蚯蚓堆肥还田野外试验发现,较之常规堆肥,蚯蚓堆肥能够获得更高的蔬菜产量,更佳的品质(提高磷素、维生素C、蛋白和葡萄糖含量);提高土壤速效养分含量,改善土壤生物学性质则主要体现在土壤微生物生物量,对土壤的基础呼吸强度影响不大。研究发现,施肥后,短期内土壤微生物的代谢功能在蚯蚓堆肥与常规堆肥之间的差异不大,反而堆肥物料的种类对其影响更加明显。分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构发现,短期内,施肥对土壤细菌群落的影响较大,尤其是在第二季番茄中,蚯蚓堆肥与常规堆肥间已经可以被主成分分开;但对真菌群落的影响相对较弱,整体区分度不高,仅在第二季中将四个施肥处理与不施肥对照区分开。5、基于蚯蚓堆肥与根际促生菌(PGPR)的交互试验发现,不施蚯蚓堆肥的情况下,PGPR对土壤和作物生长几乎没有任何作用,这暗示了外接PGPR没有能够在土壤中定殖成功。蚯蚓堆肥与PGPR混施的情况下,蚯蚓堆肥能够强化PGPR对土壤养分(NO3--N,速效磷和速效钾)蔬菜产量、品质(维生素C和可溶性蛋白)的促进作用。MBC和MBN的增加,DOC和DON的降低以及MBC/MBN的下降,则暗示在蚯蚓堆肥的作用下,PGPR可以在土壤中定殖成功并发挥相应促生功能。此外,我们发现,蚯蚓堆肥与PGPR的协同作用,依赖于蔬菜品种以及蚯蚓堆肥的施用量。比如,在施用高量和低量蚯蚓堆肥时,PGPR都可以促进番茄的产量,但是只有在施用低量蚯蚓堆肥时,PGPR对菠菜产量才有显著的积极效果。综上所述,从堆肥的非生物与生物学性质上比较,蚯蚓堆肥明显优于常规堆肥产物,并且蚯蚓堆肥中的重金属和病原生物符合国家的安全标准,而堆肥直接或结合根际促生菌还田对土壤和作物均有积极的促进效应。因此,本研究结果不仅有助于提高农业废弃物的循环利用、改善土壤生态系统服务功能,而且有助于今后利用丰富的土壤动物资源进行有机废弃物的高效利用。
[Abstract]:The waste of resources and environmental problems caused by the accumulation and improper utilization of agricultural wastes are gradually concerned by the society. The composting of agricultural wastes and their return to the fields are the main means of effective waste disposal. Earthworm composting is called "Earthworm composting process" and its final product is "Earthworm composting". Comparing with traditional composting, the advantages of Earthworm composting in improving soil quality, increasing yield and quality of agricultural products are also paid more attention. The dynamic changes of biological and abiotic properties of type I agricultural wastes (cow dung, pig dung and edible fungus residue) during earthworm composting were studied. The environmental risk assessment was carried out based on the heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms of earthworm composting. In addition, the synergistic effect of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria was studied under field conditions in order to give full play to the rich resources of earthworm compost and the growth-promoting advantages of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria, and to explore the synergistic effects of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. The specific results are as follows: 1. Based on the earthworm composting test, the earthworm can strengthen the mineralization and humification process of compost, strengthen the decomposition of organic matter, reduce the organic carbon, increase the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, thereby reducing the C/N ratio; the effect of Earthworm on soluble organic matter (DOC and DON) It can be divided into two stages. The initial stage of composting can promote the production of small molecular organic compounds and increase their content. As the composting process proceeds, soluble organic compounds are continuously utilized by microorganisms. Mineralization produces inorganic nutrients that can be directly absorbed by plants. The contents of DOC and DON gradually decrease, and the DOC/DON ratio also decreases. 2. The results showed that the effect of earthworms on microorganisms could also be divided into two stages according to the analysis of biological properties. Earthworm activity in the early stage could promote microorganism growth, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content (MBC, MBN) and basal respiration intensity (BR) increased. The presence of liquid and excreta can maintain the microbial biomass in a relatively stable state for a certain period of time. On the contrary, earthworms can inhibit the biomass of fungi in the early stage of composting, but can promote the growth of fungi in the later stage. During the whole composting process, earthworms always inhibit the number of nematodes. The increase of the quantity, especially the outbreak of fungi-eating nematodes in the late stage of composting. 3. Analysis of heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms in earthworm composting showed that earthworm activity could enhance the degradation of organic matter in the earthworm composting system, which had a certain biological amplification effect on heavy metals, leading to a significant increase in the concentration of heavy metals. The contents of humic acid components, especially humic acid components, were also significantly increased. Accordingly, the active heavy metals were strongly complexed by humic acid components, and the accumulation of heavy metals by earthworms led to a significant decrease in the proportion of the active components of heavy metals in the total amount. The number of fecal coliform bacteria and the mortality of Ascaris eggs in compost reached the national standard. 4. Field experiments based on earthworm compost showed that earthworm compost could obtain higher vegetable yield and better quality (increase the content of phosphorus, vitamin C, protein and glucose), increase the content of soil available nutrients and improve the soil quality. Biological properties are mainly reflected in soil microbial biomass, which has little effect on soil basal respiration. It is found that the metabolic function of soil microorganisms is not different between earthworm compost and conventional compost in the short term after fertilization, but the effect of compost materials on soil bacteria and fungi is more obvious. Fall structure showed that fertilization had a greater impact on soil bacterial community in the short term, especially in tomatoes grown in the second season. Earthworm compost and conventional compost could be separated by principal components; however, the impact on fungal community was relatively weak and the overall differentiation was not high. Only in the second season, four fertilization treatments were separated from non-fertilization control. Interaction between earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) showed that without earthworm compost, PGPR had little effect on Soil and crop growth, suggesting that external PGPR could not colonize successfully in soil. The increase of MBC and MBN, the decrease of DOC and DON, and the decrease of MBC/MBN suggest that PGPR can colonize successfully in soil under the action of earthworm compost and play a corresponding role in promoting growth. For example, both high and low doses of PGPR could promote tomato yield, but only when low doses of PGPR were applied, the positive effect of PGPR on spinach yield was significant. In summary, earthworm composting was more significant in terms of abiotic and biological properties. It is superior to conventional composting products, and the heavy metals and pathogenic organisms in earthworm compost meet the national safety standards, while the return of compost directly or in combination with Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria to soil and crops has a positive effect. Therefore, the results of this study not only help to improve the recycling of agricultural waste, but also improve the service function of soil ecosystem. It will also help to make use of abundant soil animal resources for efficient utilization of organic wastes in the future.
【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S141.4
[Abstract]:The waste of resources and environmental problems caused by the accumulation and improper utilization of agricultural wastes are gradually concerned by the society. The composting of agricultural wastes and their return to the fields are the main means of effective waste disposal. Earthworm composting is called "Earthworm composting process" and its final product is "Earthworm composting". Comparing with traditional composting, the advantages of Earthworm composting in improving soil quality, increasing yield and quality of agricultural products are also paid more attention. The dynamic changes of biological and abiotic properties of type I agricultural wastes (cow dung, pig dung and edible fungus residue) during earthworm composting were studied. The environmental risk assessment was carried out based on the heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms of earthworm composting. In addition, the synergistic effect of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria was studied under field conditions in order to give full play to the rich resources of earthworm compost and the growth-promoting advantages of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria, and to explore the synergistic effects of earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. The specific results are as follows: 1. Based on the earthworm composting test, the earthworm can strengthen the mineralization and humification process of compost, strengthen the decomposition of organic matter, reduce the organic carbon, increase the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, thereby reducing the C/N ratio; the effect of Earthworm on soluble organic matter (DOC and DON) It can be divided into two stages. The initial stage of composting can promote the production of small molecular organic compounds and increase their content. As the composting process proceeds, soluble organic compounds are continuously utilized by microorganisms. Mineralization produces inorganic nutrients that can be directly absorbed by plants. The contents of DOC and DON gradually decrease, and the DOC/DON ratio also decreases. 2. The results showed that the effect of earthworms on microorganisms could also be divided into two stages according to the analysis of biological properties. Earthworm activity in the early stage could promote microorganism growth, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content (MBC, MBN) and basal respiration intensity (BR) increased. The presence of liquid and excreta can maintain the microbial biomass in a relatively stable state for a certain period of time. On the contrary, earthworms can inhibit the biomass of fungi in the early stage of composting, but can promote the growth of fungi in the later stage. During the whole composting process, earthworms always inhibit the number of nematodes. The increase of the quantity, especially the outbreak of fungi-eating nematodes in the late stage of composting. 3. Analysis of heavy metal forms and pathogenic organisms in earthworm composting showed that earthworm activity could enhance the degradation of organic matter in the earthworm composting system, which had a certain biological amplification effect on heavy metals, leading to a significant increase in the concentration of heavy metals. The contents of humic acid components, especially humic acid components, were also significantly increased. Accordingly, the active heavy metals were strongly complexed by humic acid components, and the accumulation of heavy metals by earthworms led to a significant decrease in the proportion of the active components of heavy metals in the total amount. The number of fecal coliform bacteria and the mortality of Ascaris eggs in compost reached the national standard. 4. Field experiments based on earthworm compost showed that earthworm compost could obtain higher vegetable yield and better quality (increase the content of phosphorus, vitamin C, protein and glucose), increase the content of soil available nutrients and improve the soil quality. Biological properties are mainly reflected in soil microbial biomass, which has little effect on soil basal respiration. It is found that the metabolic function of soil microorganisms is not different between earthworm compost and conventional compost in the short term after fertilization, but the effect of compost materials on soil bacteria and fungi is more obvious. Fall structure showed that fertilization had a greater impact on soil bacterial community in the short term, especially in tomatoes grown in the second season. Earthworm compost and conventional compost could be separated by principal components; however, the impact on fungal community was relatively weak and the overall differentiation was not high. Only in the second season, four fertilization treatments were separated from non-fertilization control. Interaction between earthworm compost and Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) showed that without earthworm compost, PGPR had little effect on Soil and crop growth, suggesting that external PGPR could not colonize successfully in soil. The increase of MBC and MBN, the decrease of DOC and DON, and the decrease of MBC/MBN suggest that PGPR can colonize successfully in soil under the action of earthworm compost and play a corresponding role in promoting growth. For example, both high and low doses of PGPR could promote tomato yield, but only when low doses of PGPR were applied, the positive effect of PGPR on spinach yield was significant. In summary, earthworm composting was more significant in terms of abiotic and biological properties. It is superior to conventional composting products, and the heavy metals and pathogenic organisms in earthworm compost meet the national safety standards, while the return of compost directly or in combination with Rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria to soil and crops has a positive effect. Therefore, the results of this study not only help to improve the recycling of agricultural waste, but also improve the service function of soil ecosystem. It will also help to make use of abundant soil animal resources for efficient utilization of organic wastes in the future.
【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S141.4
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