洪水沟流域坝地土壤肥力评价及玉米增产效应研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 18:35

【摘要】：本文以山西省中阳县洪水沟流域坝地为研究对象,系统分析了洪水沟流域坝地土壤理化性状,建立了坝地土壤肥力评价指标体系,对洪水沟流域坝地进行了肥力综合评价；在坝地肥力评价的基础上,提出优化施肥方案,进行了坝地玉米增产效应试验。其主要结论如下：1.洪水沟流域坝地土壤颗粒的分形维数分布在2.7602-2.8502之间,在水平方向上无明显变化规律；坝地土壤的pH值为7.58-8.52,平均值为8.09为弱碱性；坝地CEC介于7.73cmol/kg-14.49cmol/kg之间,平均值为10.92 cmol/kg,属较低水平；2.坝地有机质含量介于1.85g/kg-6.65g/kg之间,平均值为4.34g/kg；坝地土壤有机质含量属于极低水平；3.坝地土壤全氮含量为0.26g/kg-0.79 g/kg,平均值为0.49g/kg.土壤碱解氮含量变化范围在5.84mg/kg-34.54mg/kg之间,平均值为20.46 mg/kg,均属极低水平。4.坝地土壤全磷含量为0.37g/kg-0.65g/kg,平均值为0.53g/kg,属于较低水平；土壤速效磷含量为3.34mg/kg-11.63mg/kg,平均值为6.76 mg/kg,属于低水平；5.坝地土壤全钾的含量为16.66g/kg-25.40g/kg,平均值为21.51g/kg；土壤缓效钾含量变化：724.34mg/kg-1112.47mg/kg,平均值为918.44mg/kg,均属较高水平；土壤速效钾含量变化：93.74mg/kg-176.38mg/kg,平均值为130.79 mg/kg,属较低水平；6.洪水沟流域各坝地土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)为0.385-0.533,11号坝地属低水平,其余坝地均属于中等水平。7.优化施肥可以促进坝地玉米生长发育。优化施肥玉米株高、茎粗均大于传统施肥。C1与Y1处理在苗期、抽穗期株高差异显著,C2与Y2在拔节期、抽穗期株高差异显著；C1与Y1处理抽穗期茎粗差异显著,C2与Y2在苗期、拔节期茎粗差异显著。8.优化施肥可以促进土壤养分转化。优化施肥处理的土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均大于传统施肥。土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量玉米各生育期处理间差异不显著；C1与Y1处理土壤速效钾含量在腊熟期差异显著,C2与Y2处理在苗期、拔节期、抽穗期差异显著。9.优化施肥可提高土壤酶活性。优化施肥土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性均大于传统施肥。土壤蔗糖酶活性在各生育期差异显著；过氧化氢酶活性在苗期差异显著,拔节期C1与Y1处理差异显著；脲酶活性,苗期C1与Y1处理差异显著,在拔节期、抽穗期C2与Y2处理差异显著；10.优化施肥对坝地玉米的穗长、穗粗、穗粒重、百粒重及玉米产量都有所提高；但差异均不显著。11.优化施肥处理取得的玉米经济效益高。Y1与Y2处理分别比C1与C2处理的净收入增加了77元/亩、338元/亩。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the soil physical and chemical properties of the dam land in the floodway basin of Zhongyang County, Shanxi Province are analyzed systematically, the evaluation index system of soil fertility of the dam land is established, and the comprehensive evaluation of the fertility of the dam land in the flood ditch basin is carried out. On the basis of the evaluation of fertility in the dam area, an optimized fertilization scheme was put forward, and the effect of maize yield on the dam was tested. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The fractal dimension of soil particles in Hongshuigou basin is between 2.7602-2.8502, and there is no obvious change in horizontal direction, the pH value of dam soil is 7.58-8.52, the average value is 8.09, the CEC of dam area is between 7.73cmol/kg-14.49cmol/kg and the average value is 10.92 cmol/kg,. 2. The content of organic matter in dam soil is between 1.85g/kg-6.65g/kg and 4.34g / kg, and the content of soil organic matter is very low. The soil total nitrogen content of dam soil was 0.26g/kg-0.79 g / kg, the average value was 0.49 g 路kg ~ (-1) 路kg ~ (-1). The range of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content was between 5.84mg/kg-34.54mg/kg and the average value was 20.46 mg/kg,. The total phosphorus content of the soil was 0.37g / kg -0.65g / kg, the average value was 0.53g / kg, which was lower, and the soil available phosphorus content was 3.34mg / kg -11.63mg / kg, the average value was 6.76 mg/kg,. The content of soil total potassium was 16.66 g / kg ~ 25.40 g 路kg ~ (-1) with an average value of 21.51 g / kg, and the change of soil slowly available potassium content was 724.34 mg 路kg ~ (-1) 路kg ~ (-1), the average value was 918.44 mg 路kg ~ (-1), and the change of soil available potassium content was: 93.74 mg / kg ~ (-1) mg 路kg ~ (-1) ~ 176.38 mg 路kg ~ (-1), the average value was 130.79 mg/kg,. The soil fertility comprehensive index (IFI) of each dam area in Hongshuigou watershed is 0.385-0.533. The dam area No. 11 belongs to low level, and the other dam fields belong to medium level .7. Optimum fertilization can promote the growth and development of maize in dam area. The plant height of maize treated with optimized fertilization was higher than that of conventional fertilization. The difference of plant height at heading stage was significant between C2 and Y2 at jointing stage, and the difference of plant height at heading stage was significant between C1 and Y1 treatments (C _ 2 and Y _ 2 at seedling stage), and the difference between C _ 2 and Y _ 2 at heading stage was significant. The difference of stem diameter in jointing stage was significant. Optimal fertilization can promote the transformation of soil nutrients. The soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the optimized fertilization treatment were higher than those in the traditional fertilization. There was no significant difference in soil available potassium content between C _ 1 and Y _ 1 treatments in different growth stages of maize. There were significant differences between C _ 2 and Y _ 2 treatments in seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and so on. The difference of soil available potassium content between C _ 1 and Y _ 1 treatments was significant at seedling stage, jointing stage and heading stage. Optimum fertilization can improve soil enzyme activity. The activities of sucrase, catalase and urease in optimized fertilization were higher than those in traditional fertilization. There were significant differences in soil sucrase activity in different growth stages, catalase activity in seedling stage, C1 and Y1 treatment in jointing stage, urease activity in seedling stage, and in jointing stage. There was significant difference between C2 and Y2 treatments at heading stage. The ear length, ear diameter, ear grain weight, 100 kernel weight and maize yield were increased by optimized fertilization, but the difference was not significant. Compared with C1 and C2 treatments, the net income of optimized fertilization treatments increased by 77 yuan / mu and 338 yuan / mu respectively.
【学位授予单位】：山西农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S158;S513

【参考文献】