秸秆还田及配施肥对滴灌春小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响

发布时间：2018-08-27 07:43

【摘要】：【目的】为提高秸秆还田的利用效率,采用大田试验研究了秸秆还田及配施肥对小麦产量及土壤理化性状的影响,为干旱区土壤培肥提供科学依据。本研究结合新疆节水农业施肥现状,通过设置不同量秸秆还田、秸秆与有机肥或复混肥配合施用对小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响,研究如何改进秸秆还田技术,发掘作物秸秆改良土壤结构、提升土壤肥力和质量的潜力,持续提高旱区农田生产力,是旱区农业值得关注的重要研究课题。【方法】在滴灌条件下,通过设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NP)、半量秸秆(NP+S1)、全量秸秆(NP+S2)、有机肥(NP+M)、复混肥(NP+CF)、全量秸秆与有机肥(NP+S2+M)、全量秸秆与复混肥(NP+S2+CF)配施8个处理,进行连续两年定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对小麦产量、土壤理化性质及肥力特征的影响。【主要结果】(1)各施肥处理主要通过提高小麦的单株穗粒数来达到增产的效果,全量秸秆与其他施肥处理相比提高春小麦产量差异显著(P0.05)。(2)秸秆还田两年后,与CK相比,各施肥处理降低土壤容重和提高土壤孔隙度差异不显著。(3)土壤团聚体含量以250μm级别团聚体含量最多,53μm级别团聚体含量最低。两年试验中各施肥处理2000~250μm级别团聚体含量较CK分别平均增加78.76%和163.65%。(4)秸秆还田有效提高了土壤养分含量,而且对土壤养分含量的影响随着土层深度的加深而减弱。在0~40 cm土层,NP+S、NP+M/CF、NP+S+M/CF的土壤有机质含量分别较CK增加7.81%、5.98%和11.36%,全氮和全磷分别较CK增加20.55%、17.58%、24.55%和8.37%、8.39%、10.58%。各施肥处理均显著提高土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,整体趋势NP+S2+M/CFNP+SNP+M/CF。秸秆还田两年后,全量秸秆对土壤养分含量的增加效果优于半量秸秆,秸秆与有机肥配合施用效果更加显著。【结论】各施肥处理主要通过提高小麦的单株穗粒数来达到增产的效果,全量秸秆与其他施肥处理相比提高春小麦产量差异显著。单施秸秆处理0~40 cm土层的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于单施有机肥和复混肥处理,秸秆还田两年后,秸秆与有机肥配合施用效果更加显著。因此,在施氮、磷肥的基础上建议全量秸秆、秸秆与有机肥配合施用,能更有利于滴灌农田小麦产量和土壤肥力的提高。
[Abstract]:[Objective] In order to improve the utilization efficiency of straw returning to field, field experiments were conducted to study the effects of straw returning and Fertilization on Wheat Yield and soil physical and chemical properties, and to provide scientific basis for soil fertilization in arid areas. The effect of combined application on Wheat Yield and soil fertility, the study on how to improve the technology of straw returning to field, explore the potential of crop straw to improve soil structure, enhance soil fertility and quality, and continuously improve the productivity of farmland in arid areas is an important research topic worthy of attention. CK, NP, NP + S1, NP + S2, NP + M, NP + CF, NP + S2 + M, NP + CF, NP + S2 + M, NP + S2 + M, NP + S2 + CF and NP + S2 + CF were applied to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on wheat yield, soil physical and chemical properties and fertility characteristics. The results were as follows: (1) The yield of spring wheat was increased by increasing the number of grains per plant in each fertilization treatment, and the difference was significant (P 0.05). (2) Two years after the straw was returned to the field, compared with CK, there was no significant difference in reducing soil bulk density and increasing soil porosity. The content of aggregates was the highest at 250 micron level and the lowest at 53 micron level. In the two-year experiment, the content of aggregates at 2000-250 micron level increased by 78.76% and 163.65% respectively compared with CK. (4) Straw returning effectively increased soil nutrient content, and the effect on soil nutrient content increased with the depth of soil layer. The soil organic matter content of NP+S, NP+M/CF, NP+S+M/CF, NP+S+M/CF increased by 7.81%, 5.98% and 11.36% respectively in 0-40 cm soil layer. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus increased by 20.55%, 17.58%, 24.55% and 8.37%, 8.39%, 10.58% compared with CK, respectively. All fertilization treatments significantly increased soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium content, overall trend NP+S2+M/CFP+SNP+M/CF. After two years in the field, the effect of total straw on soil nutrient content was better than that of half straw, and the effect of combined application of straw and organic fertilizer was more significant. [Conclusion] The yield of spring wheat was increased by increasing the number of grains per plant in each fertilization treatment. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium in straw treatment were significantly higher than those in organic manure and compound fertilizer treatment. Two years after straw returning, the effect of straw and organic manure combined application was more significant. It is more conducive to the improvement of wheat yield and soil fertility in drip irrigation field.
【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S512.12;S158

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