间作种植模式对云南省中部坡耕地水土流失的影响

发布时间：2018-09-11 07:43

【摘要】：针对云南省坡耕地种植模式下,水土流失严重的现状,本研究采用田间径流小区试验,研究了坡耕地条件下玉米大豆间作、玉米单作、大豆单作和裸地的水土流失情况。测定了不同种植模式下处理间作物生育期内产流次数、产流量、土壤侵蚀量、径流中养分流失量、流失土壤中养分流失量、作物农艺性状、土壤温度、土壤含水量、空气湿度、根系固土能力以及经济效益指标。研究结果表明:(1)采用间作种植模式,较单作和裸地能有效降低作物生育期内的产流次数和产流量。在产流次数方面,玉米大豆间作较大豆单作、玉米单作、裸地处理分别减少了4次,5次和6次;在产流量方面,生育期内玉米大豆间作、大豆单作、玉米单作、裸地处理分别产生了937.54 m3/hm2,1217.67 m3/hm2,1163.17 m3/hm2和1327.98m3/hm2径流。间作较大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地处理总产流量分别减少了19.40%,23.01%,29.40%。(2)采用间作种植模式,较单作和裸地能有效降低生育期内土壤流失。在试验期间,处理间土壤流失量差异显著(P0.05),玉米大豆间作处理、玉米单作、大豆单作和裸地土壤流失量分别为28.06 t/hm2,41.58 t/hm2,39.52 t/hm2,53.15 t/hm2,间作处理较其他处理分别减少了32.52%,29.00%,47.21%。(3)从径流中养分流失量来看,间作处理径流携带总N养分流失最少,较大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地处理分别减少了1.62%,19.37%,7.48%。从流失土壤中携带养分测定来看,间作处理在速效磷、速效钾指标与玉米单作、大豆单作和裸地处理之间差异显著(P0.05),间作处理下的养分流失量最少。在速效磷指标中,间作处理较大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地分别减少了36.54%,8.81%,54.60%;在速效钾指标中,间作处理较大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地分别减少了46.48%,26.55%,55.16%。而在有机质和碱解氮流失量指标中,各处理间差异不显著(P0.05),在有机质指标中,间作处理较大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地分别减少了16.78%,34.96%,51.66%;在碱解氮指标中,间作处理较大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地分别减少了2.60%,25.18%,32.56%;(4)采用间作处理模式,间作玉米叶面积指数的峰值为4.16,高于单作玉米小区3.74%,间作大豆叶面积指数的峰值为5.48,高于单作大豆小区4.78%。在其他农艺性状指标中,间作处理均在一定程度上较单作有优势。在土壤含水量、土壤温度、空气湿度以及固土能力指标中,10-20 cm土层深处间作处理土壤含水量较大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地处理分别高了1.8%,2.4%和2.3%,该深度处间作处理分别比大豆单作、玉米单作和裸地温度降低了4.3%,0.5%和10.1%,间作处理的固土能力在测试中均强于单作处理和裸地处理。(5)按照2014年11月昆明市大豆和玉米干重价格(玉米:2.8元/kg,大豆:3.8元/kg)折算后,间作处理、大豆单作和玉米单作其每公顷净收入分别为35753.0元/hm2,34823.8元/hm2,12946.6元/hm2,间作处理的公顷纯收入比单作大豆和单作玉米分别提高了2.6%和63.8%。经计算,土地当量比LER=1.55。综上可知,当采用间作模式时,可以有效提高地表覆盖度,减少径流形成次数,延缓径流形成时间,改善田块环境湿度,降低水、土和养分流失。其次,间作模式下作物农艺性状和作物净产值均有不同程度提高,其特有的地下根型布置能提高根系固土能力,在提高经济产值的同时兼顾水土保持效果,在云南省中部坡耕地采用间作处理模式具有推广和应用前景。
[Abstract]:In view of the serious soil and water loss under sloping farmland in Yunnan Province, the soil and water loss of maize-soybean intercropping, maize-soybean monocropping, soybean monocropping and bare land under sloping farmland was studied by field runoff plot experiment. Erosion, nutrient loss in runoff, nutrient loss in runoff, Crop Agronomic characteristics, soil temperature, soil moisture, air humidity, soil-fixing capacity of root system and economic benefit indicators. The results show that: (1) Intercropping can effectively reduce the number of runoff and runoff yield in crop growth period compared with monoculture and bare land. In terms of runoff frequency, maize-soybean intercropping decreased 4 times, 5 times and 6 times, respectively, compared with soybean monocropping, maize-soybean monocropping and bare land treatment; in terms of yield and runoff, 937.54 m3/hm2, 1217.67 m3/hm2, 1163.17 m3/hm2, 1327.98 m3/hm2 were produced by maize-soybean intercropping, soybean monocropping and maize monocropping, respectively. The total yield and discharge of maize monocropping and bare land treatment decreased by 19.40%, 23.01% and 29.40% respectively. (2) Intercropping could effectively reduce soil loss during the growth period compared with monocropping and bare land treatment. Intercropping treatment decreased 32.52%, 29.00% and 47.21% respectively compared with other treatments. (3) Compared with soybean monoculture, maize monoculture and bare land treatment decreased 1.62%, 19.37% and 7.48% respectively. The results of nutrient determination showed that there were significant differences between intercropping and maize monocropping, soybean monocropping and bare land treatment (P 0.05). The nutrient loss of intercropping was the least. Intercropping treatment decreased 46.48%, 26.55% and 55.16% respectively compared with soybean monocropping and bare land, but there was no significant difference in the loss of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (P 0.05). In organic matter index, intercropping treatment decreased 16.78%, 34.96% and 51.66% compared with soybean monocropping, maize monocropping and bare land, respectively. Compared with soybean monoculture, maize monoculture and bare land decreased by 2.60%, 25.18% and 32.56% respectively; (4) Intercropping mode was adopted, the peak value of maize leaf area index was 4.16, which was 3.74% higher than that of single cropping maize plot, and the peak value of soybean leaf area index was 5.48, which was 4.78% higher than that of single cropping soybean plot. In soil moisture content, soil temperature, air humidity and soil consolidation ability, the soil moisture content of 10-20 cm deep intercropping treatment was 1.8%, 2.4% and 2.3% higher than that of soybean monocropping, maize monocropping and bare land treatment, respectively. The soil temperature was reduced by 4.3%, 0.5% and 10.1%. The soil consolidation ability of intercropping treatment was better than that of single cropping and bare land treatment in the test. (5) According to the conversion of the dry weight price of soybean and maize (maize: 2.8 yuan / kg, soybean: 3.8 yuan / kg) in November 2014, the net income per hectare of soybean and maize monocropping was 35 753.0 yuan / hm2, respectively. 34823.8 yuan/hm2,12946.6 yuan/hm2,the net income per hectare of intercropping treatment was 2.6% and 63.8% higher than that of soybean and maize respectively. Secondly, Crop Agronomic Traits and net crop output value were improved in different degrees under the intercropping pattern. Its unique underground root type arrangement could improve the soil-fixing capacity of root system, improve the economic output value while taking into account the effect of soil and water conservation. The intercropping pattern was popularized and applied in sloping farmland of central Yunnan Province. Prospects.
【学位授予单位】：云南农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S157.4

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