自然干旱梯度下的酸枣表型变异

发布时间：2018-09-14 14:00

【摘要】：表型变异是植物应对环境变化的一种策略，酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)植物从中国东部沿海到内陆腹地均有分布，其表型性状的变异可解释为对自然干旱梯度的适应机制。为验证这一假说，我们以烟台、石家庄、银川、吐鲁番4个自然干旱梯度生境中生长的酸枣3年生植株的41个表型性状为调查研究对象，采用巢式方差分析、相关分析、主成分分析和变异系数对酸枣的表型变异进行分析，预测酸枣种群对未来气候变化的响应，以期探明酸枣对自然干旱梯度的适应机制，从而丰富酸枣适应环境变化的生活史对策理论，同时预测气候变化下，酸枣植物形态对极端干旱气候响应的演变趋势及未来的种群动态。主要研究结果如下： 1.方差分析的结果表明，酸枣植株的41个测量性状中，除了叶干物质含量、叶水分含量、株高、冠幅、冠幅高度、芽鳞痕间距、二次枝枣股数和枣股间距等8个性状差异不显著(P＞0.05)外，其它的33个表型性状均存在显著或极显著的差异。 2.表型性状均值及标准差图表明，随着干旱程度的增强，叶长、叶片长、叶面积、叶周长、叶柄长、二次枝基部粗、二次枝枣吊数和种子宽，总体呈减小的趋势，而比叶面积、周面比、二次枝长度与基部粗之比和茎的干物质含量，呈增大的趋势；从烟台到银川，叶宽、二次枝长度、刺基宽、刺中宽、茎比密度、茎的水分含量和种子重，总体呈减小趋势，而刺长和叶的长宽比相反，总体呈增大的趋势；而其余20个性状无明显的变化趋势。 3.对沿干旱梯度分布的4个酸枣种群(烟台、石家庄、银川、吐鲁番)而言，酸枣的平均表型变异系数分别为22.73%、19.60%、20.29%、20.54%；枝的16个性状的平均变异系数(26.03%)＞叶的17个性状的平均变异系数(23.30%)＞种子的4个性状的平均变异系数(5.61%)＞果实的4个性状的平均变异系数(4.41%)；酸枣枝的平均相对极差(65.03%)叶的平均相对极差(63.68%)种子的平均相对极差(48.65%)果实的平均相对极差(34.54%)，，与变异系数的大小关系基本吻合，表明酸枣枝与叶的性状比种子与果实性状变异大。 4.对沿干旱梯度分布的4个酸枣种群而言，叶的17个性状的平均可塑性指数(0.697)＞枝的16个性状的平均可塑性指数(0.617)＞种子的4个性状的平均可塑性指数(0.314)＞果实的4个性状的平均可塑性指数(0.256)。 5.对酸枣的41个表型性状进行主成分分析，确定出3个主成分累积贡献率达100%，基本可以体现酸枣植株表型特征的大部分信息。其中第1主成分贡献率为60.182%，起决定作用的有LW(1.000)、LA(1.000)、LAP(-0.999)和DBS(0.995)等，主要反映了叶和枝的特征；第2主成分贡献率为22.314%，起决定作用的有LDMC(-0.997)、LWC(0.997)和SL(-0.954)等，主要反映了叶和种子的特征；第3主成分贡献率为17.504%，起决定作用的有LLL(0.927)、BBL(-0.889)和NLBB(-0.735)等，主要反映了叶和枝的特征。本次分析结果说明：酸枣种群表型变异的基本来源中叶的贡献率最大，其次为枝的贡献率。 6.酸枣41个表型性状之间多数呈现显著和极显著的关系，叶性状中的LA、LL、LML、LW、LP、LSL、LAP、SSL、SSMW、SSBW等，枝性状中的SBL、BDSB、SBBD、NSJ、SNSB、SSD、SDMC、SWC等，果实和种子性状中的FL、FWT、SWT、SW等是酸枣较为关键和重要的表型性状，极大程度的影响着表型性状的测定效率。并且酸枣所测量的性状具有较强的整合性。
[Abstract]:Phenotypic variation is a strategy for plants to cope with environmental changes. Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa plants are distributed from the eastern coast of China to the hinterland. The variation of phenotypic characters can be interpreted as an adaptive mechanism for natural drought gradient. To verify this hypothesis, four natural droughts, Yantai, Shijiazhuang, Yinchuan and Turpan, were used. 41 phenotypic characters of 3-year-old jujube plants growing in gradient habitats were investigated. Nested variance analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and variation coefficient were used to analyze the phenotypic variation of jujube. The response of jujube population to future climate change was predicted in order to explore the adaptive mechanism of jujube to natural drought gradient. The main results are as follows:1.
1. The results of variance analysis showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the 41 traits, except leaf dry matter content, leaf water content, plant height, crown width, crown width height, Bud-scale mark spacing, secondary branch number of jujube and jujube-stock spacing, among which there were significant or extremely significant differences among the other 33 phenotypic traits.
2. The mean and standard deviation charts of phenotypic characters showed that with the increase of drought degree, leaf length, leaf length, leaf area, leaf perimeter, petiole length, secondary branch base thickness, secondary branch hanging number and seed width decreased, while specific leaf area, perimeter ratio, secondary branch length to base thickness ratio and stem dry matter content increased. From Yantai to Yinchuan, leaf width, secondary branch length, spine base width, mid-spine width, stem specific density, stem moisture content and seed weight decreased, while spine length and leaf length-width ratio increased, while the other 20 traits showed no obvious change trend.
3. The average phenotypic variability coefficients of 4 jujube populations (Yantai, Shijiazhuang, Yinchuan, Turpan) were 22.73%, 19.60%, 20.29% and 20.54%, respectively; the average variation coefficients of 16 characters of branches (26.03%) > 17 characters of leaves (23.30%) > 4 characters of seeds (5.54%). The average coefficient of variation (4.41%) of the four characters of the fruit was higher than that of the fruit, and the average relative extreme difference (65.03%) of the branch and the leaf was lower (63.68%) of the seed, and the average relative extreme difference (48.65%) of the fruit was lower (34.54%). ISO.
4. The average plasticity index (0.697) of 17 characters of leaf > the average plasticity index (0.617) of 16 characters of branch > the average plasticity index (0.314) of 4 characters of seed > the average plasticity index (0.256) of 4 characters of fruit for the four jujube populations distributed along the drought gradient.
5. Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of three principal components was 100%, which could reflect most of the phenotypic characteristics of jujube. The contribution rate of the first principal component was 60.182%. The decisive factors were LW (1.000), LA (1.000), LAP (-0.999) and DBS (0.995), which mainly reflected the characteristics of leaves and branches. The contribution rate of the second principal component was 22.314%. LDMC (-0.997), LWC (-0.997) and SL (-0.954) played a decisive role, mainly reflecting the characteristics of leaves and seeds. The contribution rate of the third principal component was 17.504%. The decisive factors were LLL (0.927), BBL (-0.889) and NLBB (-0.735), which mainly reflected the characteristics of leaves and branches. The main source of phenotypic variation of jujube population was the highest contribution rate of middle leaves, followed by the contribution rate of branches.
6. Most of the 41 phenotypic traits of jujube showed significant and extremely significant relationships. LA, LL, LML, LW, LP, LSL, LAP, SSL, SSMW, SSBW, SBL, BD, NSJ, SNSB, SSD, SDMC, SWC, FL, FWT, SWT and SWC were the most important and key phenotypic traits of jujube, which greatly affected the table. The efficiency of type traits was determined, and the traits measured by Zizyphus jujuba had strong integration.
【学位授予单位】：山西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S665.1;S423

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