核桃苗木氮肥肥害发生生理及影响因素研究
发布时间：2018-10-08 10:22
【摘要】：核桃是适应性极强,集食用、药用、材用、生态于一身的重要经济林树种。近年来,随着核桃产业的快速发展,优质苗木需求量越来越多。施用氮肥是培育优质苗木的重要措施,但是氮肥施用不当会造成肥害。为了探索核桃苗木合理的氮肥施用技术,在河北农业大学标本园以当年实生核桃苗为试材,对氮肥肥害发生生理及影响因素进行了研究,主要研究结果如下:1.在试验所设的不施N、施尿素10 kg/667m2、施尿素20 kg/667m2、施尿素30kg/667m2和施尿素40 kg/667m2的处理下,施肥量在20 kg/667m2以下时,均不发生肥害;尿素施用量达到30 kg/667m2时开始发生肥害;在施肥量超越临界值后,随着施肥量的增加,肥害病情加重;下透雨后立即地面撒施,下透雨后立即沟施,地面撒施后立即浇水,沟施后立即浇水4种不同施肥方法的平均肥害指数分别为1.37%、1.00%、0.79%、0.63%。4种施肥方法病情指数大小顺序为下透雨后立即地面撒施下透雨后立即沟施地面撒施后立即浇水沟施后立即浇水。2.肥害发生时,施肥量40 kg/667m2的苗木生长区间平均田间相对湿度为77.17%,显著高于0 kg/667m2和10 kg/667m2;4种施肥方法苗木生长区间的田间平均相对湿度分别为79.33%、76.80%、72.80%和69.13%,下透雨后立即地面撒施显著高于下透雨后立即沟施,极显著高于地面撒施后立即浇水和沟施后立即浇水。3.施肥量为0 g/盆、1.08 g/盆、2.25 g/盆、3.33 g/盆、4.50 g/盆时,4.50 g/盆的平均氨气浓度最高为31.88μl·L-1,极显著高于1.08 g/盆(22.91μl·L-1)和2.25 g/盆(24.63μl·L-1);4种施肥方法苗木生长区间空气中的平均氨气浓度分别为:32.64μl·L-1、26.45μl·L-1、25.86μl·L-1、23.77μl·L-1,浇水后立即表面撒施的平均氨气浓度极显著高于其他3种施肥方法。4.施肥后第4天,4种施肥方法不同施肥量的平均光合速率分别为4.99、5.74、6.90、7.54和6.80μmol·m-2·s-1,尿素施用量30 kg/667m2极显著高于0 kg/667m2和10kg/667m2;不同施肥量4种施肥方法的平均光合速率分别为6.86、7.61、5.47和5.62μmol·m-2·s-1,下透雨后立即沟施的平均光合速率显著高于下透雨后立即地面撒施,极显著高于地面撒施后立即浇水和沟施后立即浇水。不同施肥量施肥后第17天和第34天的平均光合速率分别为4.99、7.42、8.78、6.29、5.32、5.85、9.34、10.92、5.41、4.45μmol·m-2·s-1,以施肥量20 kg/667m2处理为高;4种施肥方法施肥后第17天和第34天的平均光合速率分别为7.24、7.01、6.39、6.35、7.25、7.11、6.76、7.64μmol·m-2·s-1,以下透雨后立即地面撒施的方法处理为高。5.施肥后第4天,4种施肥方法不同施肥量的平均蒸腾速率分别为2.13、2.92、3.11、4.76和4.09μmol·m-2·s-1,尿素施用量30 kg/667m2极显著高于0 kg/667m2、10kg/667m2和20 kg/667m2,显著高于40 kg/667m2;不同施肥量4种施肥方法的平均蒸腾速率分别为3.09、3.30、3.47和3.75μmol·m-2·s-1,沟施后立即浇水的平均蒸腾速率显著高于下透雨后立即地面撒施。不同施肥量施肥后第17天和第34天的平均蒸腾速率分别为2.96、3.39、3.61、3.90、3.53、3.14、3.69、4.13、3.48、2.71μmol·m-2·s-1,以施肥量30 kg/667m2和20 kg/667m2处理为高;4种施肥方法施肥后第17天和第34天的平均蒸腾速率分别为3.32、3.40、3.42、3.77、3.08、3.23、3.70、3.71μmol·m-2·s-1,以沟施后立即浇水的方法处理为高。6.4种施肥方法不同施肥量的平均根系活力分别为43.10、80.59、111.40、158.49、107.71μg·g-1·h-1,施肥量30 kg/667m2的平均根系活力最大,极显著高于0 kg/667m2和10 kg/667m2,显著高于20 kg/667m2和40 kg/667m2;不同施肥方法的平均根系活力分别为69.71、79.26、109.26、142.79μg·g-1·h-1,沟施后立即浇水的平均根系活力极显著高于下透雨后立即地面撒施、下透雨后立即沟施,显著高于地面撒施后立即浇水。7.4种施肥方法不同施肥量的平均GR活性、APX活性、CAT活性、MDA含量、As A含量、GSH含量、脯氨酸含量均以施用量30 kg/667m2最大,分别为7.31 U·g-1FW、22.31 U·g-1FW、9.03 mg·g-1FW、6.48 nmol·g-1FW、18.24μg·g-1FW、1.69μg·g-1FW、15.72μg·g-1FW;平均SOD活性以20 kg/667m2最高,为8.22 U·g-1FW;平均POD活性和电解质渗出率以40 kg/667m2最高,分别为11.38 U·g-1FW、68.54%。8.不同施肥量4种施肥方法的平均CAT活性、MDA含量、电解质渗出率、POD活性、脯氨酸含量以施肥方法下透雨后立即地面撒施为最高,分别为7.70 mg·g-1FW、5.21 nmol·g-1FW、61.28%、8.99 U·g-1FW、12.88μg·g-1FW;平均SOD活性、APX活性、GR活性和GSH含量均无显著性差异;平均As A含量以地面撒施后立即浇水处理为高,为11.76μg·g-1FW。
[Abstract]:Walnut is an important economic forest tree species with strong adaptability, food, medicine, wood and ecology. In recent years, with the rapid development of walnut industry, the demand for high-quality seedlings is increasing. Application of nitrogen fertilizer is an important measure to cultivate high-quality seedlings, but the application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause fertilizer harm. In order to explore the rational nitrogen fertilizer application technology of walnut seedlings, the physiological and influencing factors of nitrogen fertilizer were studied in the sample orchard of Hebei Agricultural University, and the main results are as follows: 1. Under the treatment of N, urea 10 kg/ 667m2, urea 20 kg/ 667m2, urea 30kg/ 667m2 and urea 40 kg/ 667m2, the fertilizer application no fertilizer damage when the urea application amount is below 20 kg/ 667m2; when the urea application rate reaches 30 kg/ 667m2, fertilizer damage is started; after the urea application rate exceeds the critical value, The average fertilizer damage index of four different fertilization methods was 1. 37%, 1. 00%, 0. 79%, respectively. 0. 63%. 4 kinds of fertilization methods, with the order of the size of the disease index, immediately after the rain, immediately after the rain, immediately ditch the ground, and immediately water it after watering the ditch. The mean field relative humidity of seedling growth section was 77. 17%, significantly higher than 0 kg/ 667m2 and 10 kg/ 667m2 at the time of fertilizer damage. The mean relative humidity of seedling growth section was 79. 33%, 76. 80%, 72. 80% and 69. 13%, respectively. Immediately after the rain and the rain, the ground shall be applied to the surface immediately after the rain and rain, and shall be applied immediately after the rain and rain, and shall be watered as soon as the water and trench are applied immediately after spreading on the ground. 3. The average ammonia concentration of 4.50 g/ pot was 31. 88 mul 路 L-1, the pole was significantly higher than 1.08g/ basin (22.91. l 路 L -1) and 2.25g/ basin (24.63. l 路 L-1) when the average ammonia concentration was 0 g/ basin, 1.08g/ basin, 2.25g/ basin, 3.33g/ basin, 4.50 g/ basin. The average ammonia concentration in the air of four fertilization methods was 32. 64. m u.l 路 L-1, 26.45. l 路 L-1, 25.86. l 路 L-1, 23.77. l 路 L-1, and the average ammonia concentration after watering was significantly higher than that of the other three fertilization methods. The average photosynthetic rates were 4.99, 5.74, 6.90, 7.54 and 6.80 mumol 路 m -2 路 s-1, respectively. The average photosynthetic rate of urea applied at 30 kg/ 667m2 was significantly higher than 0 kg/ 667m2 and 10kg/ 667m2, respectively. The average photosynthetic rates of four fertilization methods were 6.86, 7.61, 5.47 and 5.62. mol 路 m-2 路 s-1, respectively. Immediately after the rain, the average photosynthetic rate of the ditch is obviously higher than that immediately after the rain and the rain, and the ground is spread immediately after the rain and the rain, and the water is immediately watered and water is immediately watered after the water and the ditch are applied immediately after spreading on the ground. The average photosynthetic rates on days 17 and 34 after fertilization were 4.99, 7.42, 8.78, 6.29, 5.32, 5.85, 9.34, 10.92, 5.41, 4.45 umol 路 m -2 路 s -1, respectively. The average photosynthetic rates were 7.24, 7.01, 6.39, 6.35, 7.25, 7.11, 6.76, 7.64. mol 路 m-2 路 s-1, respectively. Immediately after the rain, the method of spraying the ground immediately after the rain was treated as high. 5. The average transpiration rate was 2.13, 2.92, 3.11, 4.76 and 4.09mumol 路 m -2 路 s-1 at the 4th day after fertilization, and the urea application rate was 30kg/ 667m2, which was significantly higher than 0 kg/ 667m2, 10kg/ 667m2 and 20kg/ 667m2, which was significantly higher than 40 kg/ 667m2. The average transpiration rate of four fertilization methods was 3.09, 3.30, 3.47 and 3.75. m 路 m-2 路 s-1, respectively. The average transpiration rate of water immediately after furrow application was significantly higher than that immediately after the rain. The mean transpiration rates on days 17 and 34 after fertilization were 2.96, 3.39, 3.61, 3.90, 3.53, 3.14, 3.69, 4.13, 3.48, 2.71. m-2 路 s-1, respectively. The average transpiration rates were 3.32, 3.40, 3.42, 3.77, 3.08, 3.23, 3.70, 3.71. mol 路 m-2 路 s-1 after fertilization. The average root activity was 43. 10, 80. 59, 111. 40, 158. 49, 107. 71 ug 路 g-1 路 h-1, and the average root activity was higher than 0 kg/ 667m2 and 10 kg/ 667m2, significantly higher than 20 kg/ 667m2 and 40 kg/ 667m2, respectively. The average root activity of different fertilization methods was 69. 71, 79. 26, 109. 26, 142. 79. mu.g 路 g-1 路 h-1, and the average root activity of water immediately after furrow application was significantly higher than that immediately after the rain, the ground was scattered immediately after the rain, and immediately after the rain, The average GR activity, APX activity, CAT activity, MDA content, As A content, GSH content and proline content of different fertilization methods were 7.31 U 路 g-1FW, 22. 31U 路 g-1FW, 9.03 mg 路 g-1FW, 6.48 nmol 路 g-1FW, respectively. 18. 24 ug 路 g-1FW, 1.69 ug 路 g-1FW, 15.72 ug 路 g-1FW, the average SOD activity was 20 kg/ 667m2 highest, 8.22 U 路 g-1FW, the average POD activity and electrolyte leakage rate were 40 kg/ 667m2, respectively, 11.38 U 路 g-1FW, 68. 54%. 8. The average CAT activity, MDA content, electrolyte leakage rate, POD activity and proline content of four fertilization methods were 7.70 mg 路 g-1FW, 5.21 nmol 路 g-1FW, 61. 28%, 8.99U 路 g-1FW, 12.88 ug 路 g-1FW, respectively. There was no significant difference between APX activity, GR activity and GSH content.
【学位授予单位】：河北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S664.1;S147.2
本文编号：2256418
[Abstract]:Walnut is an important economic forest tree species with strong adaptability, food, medicine, wood and ecology. In recent years, with the rapid development of walnut industry, the demand for high-quality seedlings is increasing. Application of nitrogen fertilizer is an important measure to cultivate high-quality seedlings, but the application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause fertilizer harm. In order to explore the rational nitrogen fertilizer application technology of walnut seedlings, the physiological and influencing factors of nitrogen fertilizer were studied in the sample orchard of Hebei Agricultural University, and the main results are as follows: 1. Under the treatment of N, urea 10 kg/ 667m2, urea 20 kg/ 667m2, urea 30kg/ 667m2 and urea 40 kg/ 667m2, the fertilizer application no fertilizer damage when the urea application amount is below 20 kg/ 667m2; when the urea application rate reaches 30 kg/ 667m2, fertilizer damage is started; after the urea application rate exceeds the critical value, The average fertilizer damage index of four different fertilization methods was 1. 37%, 1. 00%, 0. 79%, respectively. 0. 63%. 4 kinds of fertilization methods, with the order of the size of the disease index, immediately after the rain, immediately after the rain, immediately ditch the ground, and immediately water it after watering the ditch. The mean field relative humidity of seedling growth section was 77. 17%, significantly higher than 0 kg/ 667m2 and 10 kg/ 667m2 at the time of fertilizer damage. The mean relative humidity of seedling growth section was 79. 33%, 76. 80%, 72. 80% and 69. 13%, respectively. Immediately after the rain and the rain, the ground shall be applied to the surface immediately after the rain and rain, and shall be applied immediately after the rain and rain, and shall be watered as soon as the water and trench are applied immediately after spreading on the ground. 3. The average ammonia concentration of 4.50 g/ pot was 31. 88 mul 路 L-1, the pole was significantly higher than 1.08g/ basin (22.91. l 路 L -1) and 2.25g/ basin (24.63. l 路 L-1) when the average ammonia concentration was 0 g/ basin, 1.08g/ basin, 2.25g/ basin, 3.33g/ basin, 4.50 g/ basin. The average ammonia concentration in the air of four fertilization methods was 32. 64. m u.l 路 L-1, 26.45. l 路 L-1, 25.86. l 路 L-1, 23.77. l 路 L-1, and the average ammonia concentration after watering was significantly higher than that of the other three fertilization methods. The average photosynthetic rates were 4.99, 5.74, 6.90, 7.54 and 6.80 mumol 路 m -2 路 s-1, respectively. The average photosynthetic rate of urea applied at 30 kg/ 667m2 was significantly higher than 0 kg/ 667m2 and 10kg/ 667m2, respectively. The average photosynthetic rates of four fertilization methods were 6.86, 7.61, 5.47 and 5.62. mol 路 m-2 路 s-1, respectively. Immediately after the rain, the average photosynthetic rate of the ditch is obviously higher than that immediately after the rain and the rain, and the ground is spread immediately after the rain and the rain, and the water is immediately watered and water is immediately watered after the water and the ditch are applied immediately after spreading on the ground. The average photosynthetic rates on days 17 and 34 after fertilization were 4.99, 7.42, 8.78, 6.29, 5.32, 5.85, 9.34, 10.92, 5.41, 4.45 umol 路 m -2 路 s -1, respectively. The average photosynthetic rates were 7.24, 7.01, 6.39, 6.35, 7.25, 7.11, 6.76, 7.64. mol 路 m-2 路 s-1, respectively. Immediately after the rain, the method of spraying the ground immediately after the rain was treated as high. 5. The average transpiration rate was 2.13, 2.92, 3.11, 4.76 and 4.09mumol 路 m -2 路 s-1 at the 4th day after fertilization, and the urea application rate was 30kg/ 667m2, which was significantly higher than 0 kg/ 667m2, 10kg/ 667m2 and 20kg/ 667m2, which was significantly higher than 40 kg/ 667m2. The average transpiration rate of four fertilization methods was 3.09, 3.30, 3.47 and 3.75. m 路 m-2 路 s-1, respectively. The average transpiration rate of water immediately after furrow application was significantly higher than that immediately after the rain. The mean transpiration rates on days 17 and 34 after fertilization were 2.96, 3.39, 3.61, 3.90, 3.53, 3.14, 3.69, 4.13, 3.48, 2.71. m-2 路 s-1, respectively. The average transpiration rates were 3.32, 3.40, 3.42, 3.77, 3.08, 3.23, 3.70, 3.71. mol 路 m-2 路 s-1 after fertilization. The average root activity was 43. 10, 80. 59, 111. 40, 158. 49, 107. 71 ug 路 g-1 路 h-1, and the average root activity was higher than 0 kg/ 667m2 and 10 kg/ 667m2, significantly higher than 20 kg/ 667m2 and 40 kg/ 667m2, respectively. The average root activity of different fertilization methods was 69. 71, 79. 26, 109. 26, 142. 79. mu.g 路 g-1 路 h-1, and the average root activity of water immediately after furrow application was significantly higher than that immediately after the rain, the ground was scattered immediately after the rain, and immediately after the rain, The average GR activity, APX activity, CAT activity, MDA content, As A content, GSH content and proline content of different fertilization methods were 7.31 U 路 g-1FW, 22. 31U 路 g-1FW, 9.03 mg 路 g-1FW, 6.48 nmol 路 g-1FW, respectively. 18. 24 ug 路 g-1FW, 1.69 ug 路 g-1FW, 15.72 ug 路 g-1FW, the average SOD activity was 20 kg/ 667m2 highest, 8.22 U 路 g-1FW, the average POD activity and electrolyte leakage rate were 40 kg/ 667m2, respectively, 11.38 U 路 g-1FW, 68. 54%. 8. The average CAT activity, MDA content, electrolyte leakage rate, POD activity and proline content of four fertilization methods were 7.70 mg 路 g-1FW, 5.21 nmol 路 g-1FW, 61. 28%, 8.99U 路 g-1FW, 12.88 ug 路 g-1FW, respectively. There was no significant difference between APX activity, GR activity and GSH content.
【学位授予单位】：河北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S664.1;S147.2
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