基于改性天然粘土制备保水保肥剂的研究

发布时间：2018-10-23 16:13

【摘要】：氮肥容易通过径流、淋溶、蒸发而流失到环境中,造成资源浪费和环境污染。本学位论文以天然粘土矿物凹凸棒土为主要原材料,经不同剂量高能电子束辐照将其改性后,再与P和M两种有机高分子材料进行复配,通过实验摸索出最佳配方,成功制备了高效保水保肥剂;又以常用的氮肥如尿素、氯化铵等为肥源,添加保水保肥剂,成功制备了既具有保水功能,又具备肥料养分控失能力的高效肥料;通过保水实验、肥料表面迁移实验和淋溶控失实验,研究了保水控失肥料的吸水保水性能和肥料控失能力;用红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法对样品进行了表征,并研究了保水保肥剂和保水控失肥料之间的相互作用机理;还通过盆栽实验考察了样品对玉米生长的影响。得到的主要结果如下:1、通过高能电子束辐照改性凹凸棒土,当辐照剂量为30kGy时,凹凸棒土具有最高的分散度和比表面积。从保水剂的模拟实验也可以看出,HA30的保水率为16.35%,要明显高于其他辐照剂量下改性凹凸棒土的保水率;2、以HA30、P和M为主要原料,成功制备了具有高保水率(51.1%)的保水保肥剂(WNLCA),并且通过保水实验成功摸索到了保水报保肥剂的最佳配方为HA30:P:A=9:1.0:0.4;3、以常用的氮肥如尿素、氯化铵等为肥源,添加保水保肥剂,成功制备了既具有保水功能,又具备肥料养分控失能力的高效肥料:保水控失尿素(WNLCU)和保水控失氯化铵(WNLCN);通过保水实验、肥料表面迁移实验和淋溶控失实验,研究了保水控失肥料的吸水保水性能和肥料控失能力;通过保水实验、肥料迁移实验、淋溶实验,得知当WNLCA与肥料的质量比为9:1.2时,WNLCU的保水率、表面迁移控失率、淋溶控失率分别为:43.3%、61.7%和65.87%;WNLCN的保水率、表面迁移控失率、淋溶控失率分别为:31.53%、38.95%和89.96%;4、通过红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法对样品进行了表征,并研究了保水保肥剂和保水控失肥料之间的相互作用机理,发现WNLCA体系中存在两种网络结构:一个是凹凸棒土自组装的形成的3D微纳网络结构,另外一个就是高分子有机物P-M之间形成的分子互穿网络结构。这两种网络能赋予WNLCA多孔、较大的比表面积和亲水性,能同时将养分和水分吸附到网络结构中,减少它们的流失,提高肥料和水分的利用率;5、通过盆钵实验,发现WNLCF能提高玉米组织中N的含量,并且WNLCU能控制住养分和水分的流失,持续为作物的生长供给营养物质和水资源。本论文的研究工作结合了天然粘土材料的高能电子束改性技术与高分子有机物的保水、吸附架桥性能,同时兼备实用价值和理论指导意义,合成的保水保肥剂负载肥料后能有效促进农作物的生长、提高农业生产。
[Abstract]:Nitrogen fertilizer is easily lost to the environment through runoff, leaching and evaporation, resulting in waste of resources and environmental pollution. In this dissertation, natural clay mineral attapulgite was used as the main raw material, modified by different doses of high energy electron beam, then mixed with two kinds of organic polymer materials, P and M. The high efficiency water and fertilizer retention agent was successfully prepared, and the nitrogen fertilizer such as urea and ammonium chloride was used as the fertilizer source, and the water and fertilizer retention agent was added to the fertilizer to successfully prepare the high efficiency fertilizer, which not only has the function of keeping water, but also has the ability to control the nutrient loss of the fertilizer. The surface migration experiment and leaching control experiment were used to study the water absorption and loss control ability of the fertilizer, and the samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The interaction mechanism between water and fertilizer retention agent and water retention and controlled loss fertilizer was studied, and the effect of the sample on maize growth was also investigated by pot experiment. The main results are as follows: 1. When the irradiation dose is 30kGy, the attapulgite has the highest dispersion and specific surface area. The water retention rate of HA30 is 16.35, which is obviously higher than that of attapulgite modified with other irradiation doses. Water and fertilizer retention agent (WNLCA), with high water retention rate (51.1%) was successfully prepared, and the optimum formula of water retention and fertilizer retention agent was found out by water retention experiment. The optimum formula of water retention and fertilizer retention agent was HA30:P:A=9:1.0:0.4;3, which used nitrogen fertilizer such as urea and ammonium chloride as fertilizer source, and added water and fertilizer retention agent. A high efficiency fertilizer with water retention function and nutrient loss control ability was successfully prepared, which included water retention control urea (WNLCU) and water retention control ammonium chloride (WNLCN); through water retention experiment, fertilizer surface migration experiment and leaching control loss experiment. In this paper, the water absorption and loss control ability of water retention and control loss fertilizer were studied. Through water retention experiment, fertilizer migration experiment and leaching experiment, it was found that when the mass ratio of WNLCA to fertilizer was 9: 1.2, the water retention rate and surface migration control loss rate of WNLCU were obtained. The leaching control loss rates were 43.3% and 65.87%, respectively. The water retention rate, surface migration control loss rate and leaching control loss rate of WNLCN were 31.53 and 38.95% and 89.9695%, respectively. The samples were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The interaction mechanism between water and fertilizer retention agent and water retention and controlled loss fertilizer is studied. It is found that there are two kinds of network structure in WNLCA system: one is the 3D micro-nano network structure formed by the self-assembly of attapulgite. The other is the molecular interpenetrating network structure formed between the polymer organic P-M. These two networks can give WNLCA porous, larger specific surface area and hydrophilicity, can simultaneously absorb nutrients and water into the network structure, reduce their loss, improve fertilizer and water use efficiency. It was found that WNLCF could increase N content in maize tissue and WNLCU could control the loss of nutrients and water and supply nutrients and water resources for crop growth. The research work in this paper combines the high energy electron beam modification technology of natural clay material with the water retention of high molecular organic matter, adsorption and bridging performance, and also has practical value and theoretical guiding significance. The synthetic fertilizer can effectively promote the growth of crops and improve agricultural production.
【学位授予单位】：安徽农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TQ440.1

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