生物炭和木醋液对鸡粪堆肥中养分与微生物量碳、氮的影响

发布时间：2018-10-26 16:43

【摘要】：如何减少堆肥过程中养分损失一直是国内外学者关注的热点。生物炭具有良好的孔隙结构、较大的比表面积以及高度芳香化,因此在堆肥过程中加入生物炭对于堆肥过程中减少养分损失有着积极作用。试验采用高温好氧发酵,以鸡粪为主要原料,将生物炭作为添加剂研究堆肥过程中的养分损失以及微生物多样性的变化。研究结果表明:(1)添加生物炭、木醋液、菌剂对堆体温度有显著影响,与对照处理相比生物炭、木醋液和菌剂能够使堆体温度快速上升,提前进入高温期,整体加快堆肥进程。添加生物炭能够明显提高堆体含水量,减少堆肥过程中水分蒸发。生物炭含量越高,堆体含水量下降幅度越小,保水效果越明显。(2)添加木醋液能够在一定程度上降低堆肥过程中pH值,但堆肥初期添加生物炭处理,pH值上升较快且pH值较高,不同生物炭添加量对堆体pH值影响不同。添加生物炭、菌剂均能不同程度提高堆体EC值,其中添加菌剂2、生物炭处理较对照处理提升效果明显,不同生物炭添加量对堆体EC值提升无明显差异。(3)添加木醋液处理对堆体有机质含量变化无明显影响,而添加生物炭、菌剂处理堆体有机质含量下降较对照处理快,堆肥结束时有机质消耗量较对照处理大。各处理堆体全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量逐步升高,其中添加生物炭处理较对照处理上升速度快,上升幅度大。(4)至堆肥结束时添加生物炭、木醋液、菌剂处理堆体全氮含量有大幅度上升且明显高于对照处理。不同生物炭添加量上升幅度不同,B15处理B10处理B5处理。高温期添加生物炭处理、木醋液、菌剂处理氨态氮含量高于对照处理,生物炭添加量越大铵态氮含量越高,上升幅度越大。各处理硝态氮含量变化趋势基本一致,高生物炭添加量对堆体硝态氮含量增加作用明显,低生物炭添加量较对照处理效果不明显。(5)生物炭含量较高时,堆体微生物碳、氮含量较其他处理有明显提升。并且堆肥结束时,添加生物炭处理堆体微生物量碳、氮含量明显高于对照处理。添加菌剂能在堆肥开始后使堆体微生物量碳、氮含量迅速升高,但堆肥结束时仅略高于对照处理。(6)添加生物炭能够明显降低堆肥过程中氨挥发,高温期时添加生物炭处理较其他处理氨挥发量下降了11.43%~37.97%。整个堆肥过程中仅添加生物炭处理氨挥发量均低于未添加生物炭处理。实验表明添加生物炭、木醋液和菌剂能明显改良堆肥过程中堆体环境指标,提高堆肥进程减少环境污染;同时添加生物炭和木醋液还能有有效的降低堆肥中养分损失,对于堆肥过程中的保氮作用明显;并且添加生物炭和菌剂可以显著提高堆体微生物多样性,增加微生物活性。
[Abstract]:How to reduce nutrient loss in composting process has been the focus of attention of scholars at home and abroad. Biochar has good pore structure, large specific surface area and high aromatization, so the addition of biochar in composting process plays an active role in reducing nutrient loss in composting process. High temperature aerobic fermentation was used to study the nutrient loss and the change of microbial diversity in composting process with chicken manure as the main raw material and biological carbon as additive. The results showed that: (1) the addition of biochar, wood vinegar and fungicides had a significant effect on the heap temperature. Compared with the control treatment, the biochar, wood vinegar and fungicides could make the reactor temperature rise rapidly and advance to the high temperature stage. Speed up the composting process as a whole. The addition of biochar can obviously increase the water content of the reactor and reduce the evaporation of water in the composting process. The higher the content of biochar, the smaller the decrease of water content and the more obvious the effect of water retention. (2) the addition of wood vinegar solution can reduce the pH value in composting process to some extent, but at the initial stage of composting, the addition of biochar treatment, The increase of pH value is faster and the pH value is higher. The effect of different biochar addition on the pH value of reactor body is different. The addition of biochar could improve the EC value of the reactor to some extent, and the effect of biochar treatment was better than that of the control treatment. (3) the addition of wood vinegar had no significant effect on the content of organic matter in the heap, but the content of organic matter in the reactor decreased faster after adding biochar than that in the control. The consumption of organic matter at the end of compost was higher than that of the control. The contents of total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus, available potassium and available potassium in each treatment increased gradually, and the increase rate of bio-carbon treatment was faster than that of the control treatment. (4) at the end of composting, biochar and wood vinegar solution were added. The total nitrogen content of the reactor increased significantly and was significantly higher than that of the control treatment. The increasing range of carbon addition was different, and B _ (15) treatment B _ (10) treatment B _ (5) treatment. The content of ammonia nitrogen in the treatments of adding biochar, wood vinegar and fungicides was higher than that of the control at high temperature. The higher the amount of biological carbon was, the higher the content of ammonium nitrogen was, and the more the increase was. The change trend of nitrate nitrogen content in each treatment was basically the same. The effect of high carbon addition on the increase of nitrate nitrogen content was obvious, but the effect of low biochar addition was not obvious. (5) when the biological carbon content was high, microbial carbon was increased. Nitrogen content was significantly increased compared with other treatments. At the end of composting, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content in the reactor were significantly higher than those in the control treatment. After composting, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content increased rapidly, but at the end of composting it was only slightly higher than that of control treatment. (6) addition of biochar could significantly reduce ammonia volatilization during composting. In the high temperature period, the ammonia volatilization decreased by 11.43 ~ 37.97% compared with the other treatments. In the whole composting process, ammonia volatilization was lower than that without adding biochar. The results showed that the addition of biochar, wood vinegar and fungicides could obviously improve the environmental index of the compost and reduce the environmental pollution in the composting process. At the same time, the addition of biochar and wood vinegar can also effectively reduce the loss of nutrients in compost, which has obvious effect on nitrogen conservation in the composting process, and the addition of biochar and microbial agents can significantly improve microbial diversity and increase microbial activity.
【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S141.4

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