基于3S和USLE的内蒙古达拉特旗黄土丘陵区土壤侵蚀研究

发布时间：2018-12-06 18:41

【摘要】：本论文以内蒙古达拉特旗黄土丘陵区为研究区域,以本研究区内及周边共11个站点的气象资料、研究区的土壤资料、OLI影像资料、DEM图、公益林林种资源分布图等相关资料为基础,运用GIS、GPS、RS技术和通用土壤流失方程(USLE),提取土地利用、坡度、植被覆盖度、土壤质地等信息得出研究区的土壤侵蚀强度分级图,并对研究区的土壤侵蚀强度空间分布特征进行分析,针对林地、非林地的土壤强度分布情况得出相应的水土保持措施建议。本文结论如下：(1)研究区以水力侵蚀为主,平均土壤侵蚀模数为4381.39t/(km2·a),研究区土壤侵蚀以轻度、中度侵蚀为主,侵蚀面积达1818.8km2,占研究区总面积的60.44%。(2)从土壤侵蚀强度的分布规律来看,研究区中海拔为1095-1250m、1250-1400m的高程带以及15°的坡度带是土壤侵蚀主要分布的区域,35°的坡度带上只发生剧烈侵蚀,应对这些区域及时治理。研究区植被覆盖度75%的区域,其侵蚀强度以微度侵蚀为主,说明植被覆盖度较高对土壤侵蚀强度有显著地减弱作用。土地利用类型中草地、林地和未利用地所占的面积比例较大。研究区内草地以轻度、中度侵蚀为主：林地以轻度、中度侵蚀为主：耕地侵蚀强度差异较大,坡耕地作为侵蚀发生的主要原因,未利用地多发生强烈侵蚀。所以除保护现有植被注重成活率外,还需进一步优化土地利用结构,使生态植被重新生长,以便减少土壤侵蚀。地表基岩裸露区域结合实际情况可适度的提高土地利用率和改善土地利用结构,增加地面植被覆盖程度,更好的维护生态环境,防止水土流失。(3)土壤较为干旱,生境困难的情况下,灌木林适应性强,可作为首选林种,主要树种以柠条、沙棘、沙柳为主。固定、半固定风沙土应以乔灌混交为原则可防止水土流失,灌木林以沙生植被为主,乔木林种则以杨树林、柳树林为主。栗钙土、淡栗钙土、粗骨性栗钙土则以灌木林为主,能较好的改善土壤侵蚀强度。为防止新积土遭受冲刷,应建立相应的防护林,以柠条林为主。
[Abstract]:In this paper, taking the loess hilly region of Dalat Banner in Inner Mongolia as the research area, taking the meteorological data of 11 stations in and around the research area, the soil data, OLI image data, DEM map of the research area, On the basis of relevant data such as distribution map of forest resources of public welfare forest, using GIS,GPS,RS technique and general soil loss equation (USLE), to extract land use, slope, vegetation coverage, etc. The soil erosion intensity classification map of the study area was obtained with soil texture information, and the spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion intensity in the study area were analyzed, and the corresponding soil and water conservation measures were put forward according to the distribution of soil intensity in forestland and non-forest land. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) hydraulic erosion is the main factor in the study area, and the average soil erosion modulus is 4381.39t/ (km2 a), study area is mainly mildly and moderately eroded, and the erosion area is 1818.8 km2). It accounts for 60.44% of the total area of the study area. (2) from the distribution law of soil erosion intensity, the elevation zone of 1095-1250 m / 1250-1400m and the slope zone of 15 掳are the main distribution areas of soil erosion in the study area. The slope belt of 35 掳only occurs severe erosion, and these areas should be managed in time. The erosion intensity of the area with 75% vegetation coverage was mainly micro-erosion, which indicated that the higher vegetation coverage had a significant effect on soil erosion intensity. Grassland, woodland and unused land account for a large proportion of land use types. In the study area, the grassland was mainly mildly and moderately eroded; the forestland was mainly mildly and moderately eroded; the intensity of cultivated land was different greatly; the slope cultivated land was the main cause of erosion, and the unutilized land had strong erosion. Therefore, in addition to protecting the existing vegetation, it is necessary to further optimize the land use structure and make the ecological vegetation grow again, so as to reduce soil erosion. Combined with the actual situation, the surface bedrock exposed area can appropriately improve the land use efficiency and land use structure, increase the coverage of vegetation on the ground, better maintain the ecological environment, and prevent soil erosion. (3) the soil is relatively dry. When the habitat is difficult, the shrub forest has strong adaptability and can be used as the preferred forest species. The main tree species are Caragana korshinskii, Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae rhamnoides. Fixed and semi-fixed sandy soil should be mixed with tree and shrub as the principle to prevent soil erosion, the shrub forest is mainly sandy vegetation, the tree forest species is poplar forest, willow forest is the main. Chestnut soil, light chestnut soil and coarse chestnut soil are mainly shrubbery, which can improve soil erosion intensity. In order to prevent erosion of newly deposited soil, the corresponding shelterbelt should be established, mainly Caragana korshinskii forest.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S157.1

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