鱼蛋白降解氨基酸肥对土壤理化性质、酶活性以及微生物群落的影响
发布时间：2018-12-06 19:24
【摘要】：我国是水产大国,但大量的水产加工业未能将其充分利用,随之产生了大量的废弃鱼下脚料,这些加工下脚料仍含有大量的蛋白质和矿物成分,易造成极大的资源浪费和经济损失,而在现阶段难以通过精湛的提取工艺提高这些废弃鱼蛋白的价值。氨基酸在土壤中有着重要的生态作用,然而氨基酸在土壤中的含量极少,通过外源添加氨基酸可以弥补土壤对这些重要有机氮源的需求空白。利用酶解技术将废料鱼料水解制备氨基酸液肥,应用于农业耕作土壤中,既可补充土壤中的氨基酸,改善土壤质量,又为废弃鱼料的开发利用和农业可持续发展提供一条新途径。本论文初步探讨了经由鱼蛋白下脚料酶解制备的氨基酸液肥对土壤质量的影响,并与传统粪肥以及不同营养化肥对土壤的质量效益做比较,初步证实鱼蛋白降解氨基酸肥应用于农业土壤的可行性。鱼蛋白肥(FW)对土壤理化性质的效益最为明显,能有效改善土壤的酸度和盐度;另外,粪肥(M)和FW都能显著提高土壤全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)、有机碳(OC)、有效磷(AP)、微生物碳(MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)的含量,其中以粪肥处理效果更为显著,但缓效钾(AK)含量在所有处理组下并无较大的变化。相反,土壤无机氮浓度,包括铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝酸态氮(NO3--N),在化肥处理组下有所偏高,尤其在不平衡施肥下其含量增加更为明显,而FW处理土壤无机氮含量最低,可减少无机氮对土壤生态健康的影响。在不同施肥对土壤微生物活性的影响研究表明,FW和M处理能显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶和碳循环相关酶活性(β-葡萄糖苷酶和蔗糖酶),相比于对照,化肥处理反而降低了碳循环活性;氮循环相关酶活性(蛋白酶和脲酶)在本研究中并没有表现一致的变化趋势,与对照比,FW处理对蛋白酶活性影响不显著,而化肥处理有降低其活性的趋势,在M处理土壤表现最高活性;而脲酶变化幅度较大,在FW表现最高。此外,磷循环相关的酶(碱性和酸性磷酸酶)在M最为活跃,其次为FW,化肥处理土壤的磷酸酶活性要低于有机肥处理。冗余分析表明,以土壤MBC、MBN表征的微生物生物量与该试验所检测的土壤酶呈不同程度的相关,同时土壤AP也与所测土壤酶活性有紧密的联系。土壤碳循环酶和蛋白酶的活性与土壤TC和C/N值呈正相关,与NH4+-N呈负相关;此外土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤p H值和OC含量呈正相关;另一方面,土壤磷酸酶与多数土壤理化成分存在紧密的联系。以磷脂脂肪酸表征的微生物群落分析(PLFA)表明有机肥处理组下土壤中的革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌以及真菌的丰度都得到明显提高,以M处理的效益最显著,随着化肥的施用使土壤微生物种群的生物量出现萎靡。应用主成分分析对施肥处理引起的土壤微生物群落变化进行评估,分析发现大部分PLFA标记的微生物种群在M处理土壤中丰度最大,其次为FW处理,而两者在主成分得分图中相隔甚远,可推测不同有机肥处理下微生物群落种群结构变化截然不同。尽管不同化肥处理组的施入量和施入组分不尽相同,但化肥处理下的土壤微生物群落结构特征变化并不明显。冗余分析进一步表明试验检测的微生物种群与土壤AP、OC、TN、TC含量以及C/N值呈显著的正相关,而FW和M处理能将这些变量提高一定水平,进而提高土壤微生物生物量和生态功能。另外,尽管土壤细菌/真菌(F/B)值并无与土壤环境中的任何一个理化变量存在明显的相关,但在FW中该变量值达到最高。综上试验结果表明,FW可明显改善土壤的酸度和盐度,也能提高大部分的土壤理化成分,尽管相比之下M处理更为明显;同时对土壤酶活也有显著的提升作用,其中对脲酶活性最显著。尽管两种有机肥都能显著提高各微生物种群的生物量,但主成分分析表明两者处理下土壤微生物种群的分布框架截然不同。此外,冗余分析表明土壤中无机氮的累积是抑制微生物活性以及生物量生长的主要因素,而在FW中无机氮组分更为均衡、含量也更少。因此,FW应用于农业土壤改良中具有良好的开发价值。
[Abstract]:China is an aquatic product, but a large amount of the aquatic product processing industry is not fully utilized, and a large amount of waste fish leftovers are generated, and the processing leftovers still contain a large amount of protein and mineral components, which is easy to cause great resource waste and economic loss, and at the present stage it is difficult to improve the value of these discarded fish proteins by a sophisticated extraction process. The amino acid has an important ecological function in the soil, but the content of the amino acid in the soil is very low, and the requirement of the soil to these important organic nitrogen sources can be made up by the addition of the amino acid. The method for preparing the amino acid liquid fertilizer by using the enzymolysis technology to prepare the amino acid liquid fertilizer can supplement the amino acid in the soil, improve the soil quality, and provide a new way for the development and utilization of the waste fish material and the sustainable development of the agriculture. The effect of the amino acid liquid fertilizer prepared by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the fish protein on the soil quality is discussed in this paper, and the quality benefit of the soil is compared with the traditional manure and the different nutrient fertilizers, and the feasibility of the fish protein degradation of the amino acid fertilizer in the agricultural soil is preliminarily confirmed. The effect of the fish protein fertilizer (FW) on the physical and chemical properties of the soil is most obvious, and the acidity and the salinity of the soil can be effectively improved; in addition, the soil total carbon (TC), the total nitrogen (TN), the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/ N), the organic carbon (OC) and the effective phosphorus (AP) can be obviously improved by the manure (M) and the FW; The content of microbial carbon (MBC) and microbial nitrogen (MBN) was more significant, but the content of the slow-acting potassium (AK) did not change significantly under all treatment groups. In contrast, the soil inorganic nitrogen concentration, including the nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and the nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), is higher in the chemical fertilizer treatment group, especially under the unbalanced fertilization, and the inorganic nitrogen content of the FW treatment soil is the lowest, and the effect of the inorganic nitrogen on the ecological health of the soil can be reduced. The study of the effect of different fertilization on the soil microbial activity showed that FW and M treatment could significantly improve the activity of catalase and carbocyclic-related enzymes in soil (P-grape-glucanase and sucrase), and the carbon-cycle activity was reduced by chemical fertilizer treatment compared with the control. The activity of the nitrogen cycle-related enzyme (protease and enzyme) did not show a consistent trend in the study, and the effect of FW treatment on the activity of the protease was not significant in comparison with the control ratio, while the fertilizer treatment had the tendency to lower its activity, and the highest activity in the M-treated soil. The results showed that the change of the enzyme was the highest, and the highest in the FW. In addition, the enzyme (alkaline and acid phosphatase) associated with the phosphorus cycle is the most active in M, followed by FW, and the phosphatase activity of the chemical fertilizer treatment soil is lower than that of the organic fertilizer. The redundant analysis indicated that the microbial biomass characterized by the soil MBC and MBN was related to the soil enzyme detected by the test, and the soil AP was also closely related to the soil enzyme activity. The activity of the soil carbon cyclic enzyme and the protease is positively related to the soil TC and C/ N, and is negatively correlated with the NH4 +-N; in addition, the soil enzyme and the catalase are positively related to the soil p H value and the OC content; on the other hand, the soil phosphatases are closely related to the physical and chemical components of most soil. The microbial community analysis (PLFA) characterized by phospholipid fatty acid indicated that the abundance of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the soil under the treatment group of the organic fertilizer was obviously improved, and the benefit of M treatment was the most significant. With the application of chemical fertilizer, the biomass of the soil microbial population is low. The main component analysis was used to assess the change of the soil microbial community caused by the fertilization treatment. The results showed that most of the PLFA-labeled microbial population was the largest in the M-treated soil, followed by FW treatment, and the two were far apart from the main component score map. The population structure of the microbial community in the treatment of different organic fertilizers can be estimated to be very different. Although the application and application of different fertilizer treatment groups are different, the change of soil microbial community structure under chemical fertilizer treatment is not obvious. The redundancy analysis further indicates that the microbial population of the test is positively correlated with the content of AP, OC, TN, TC and C/ N, and FW and M treatment can improve the soil microbial biomass and ecological function. In addition, although the soil bacteria/ fungi (F/ B) values were not significantly related to any of the physical and chemical variables in the soil environment, the variable values reached the highest in the FW. The results show that FW can obviously improve the acidity and salinity of the soil, but also can improve the physical and chemical components of the soil, although the M treatment is more obvious, and the activity of the soil enzyme is also obviously improved, and the activity of the soil enzyme is the most significant. Although both organic fertilizers can significantly improve the biomass of the microbial population, the main component analysis shows that the distribution frame of the soil microbial population is very different. In addition, the redundancy analysis indicates that the accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the main factor to inhibit the microbial activity and the growth of the biomass, while the inorganic nitrogen component in the FW is more balanced and the content is less. Therefore, the FW application has good development value in the improvement of agricultural soil.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TS254.9;S156
本文编号：2366528
[Abstract]:China is an aquatic product, but a large amount of the aquatic product processing industry is not fully utilized, and a large amount of waste fish leftovers are generated, and the processing leftovers still contain a large amount of protein and mineral components, which is easy to cause great resource waste and economic loss, and at the present stage it is difficult to improve the value of these discarded fish proteins by a sophisticated extraction process. The amino acid has an important ecological function in the soil, but the content of the amino acid in the soil is very low, and the requirement of the soil to these important organic nitrogen sources can be made up by the addition of the amino acid. The method for preparing the amino acid liquid fertilizer by using the enzymolysis technology to prepare the amino acid liquid fertilizer can supplement the amino acid in the soil, improve the soil quality, and provide a new way for the development and utilization of the waste fish material and the sustainable development of the agriculture. The effect of the amino acid liquid fertilizer prepared by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the fish protein on the soil quality is discussed in this paper, and the quality benefit of the soil is compared with the traditional manure and the different nutrient fertilizers, and the feasibility of the fish protein degradation of the amino acid fertilizer in the agricultural soil is preliminarily confirmed. The effect of the fish protein fertilizer (FW) on the physical and chemical properties of the soil is most obvious, and the acidity and the salinity of the soil can be effectively improved; in addition, the soil total carbon (TC), the total nitrogen (TN), the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/ N), the organic carbon (OC) and the effective phosphorus (AP) can be obviously improved by the manure (M) and the FW; The content of microbial carbon (MBC) and microbial nitrogen (MBN) was more significant, but the content of the slow-acting potassium (AK) did not change significantly under all treatment groups. In contrast, the soil inorganic nitrogen concentration, including the nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and the nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), is higher in the chemical fertilizer treatment group, especially under the unbalanced fertilization, and the inorganic nitrogen content of the FW treatment soil is the lowest, and the effect of the inorganic nitrogen on the ecological health of the soil can be reduced. The study of the effect of different fertilization on the soil microbial activity showed that FW and M treatment could significantly improve the activity of catalase and carbocyclic-related enzymes in soil (P-grape-glucanase and sucrase), and the carbon-cycle activity was reduced by chemical fertilizer treatment compared with the control. The activity of the nitrogen cycle-related enzyme (protease and enzyme) did not show a consistent trend in the study, and the effect of FW treatment on the activity of the protease was not significant in comparison with the control ratio, while the fertilizer treatment had the tendency to lower its activity, and the highest activity in the M-treated soil. The results showed that the change of the enzyme was the highest, and the highest in the FW. In addition, the enzyme (alkaline and acid phosphatase) associated with the phosphorus cycle is the most active in M, followed by FW, and the phosphatase activity of the chemical fertilizer treatment soil is lower than that of the organic fertilizer. The redundant analysis indicated that the microbial biomass characterized by the soil MBC and MBN was related to the soil enzyme detected by the test, and the soil AP was also closely related to the soil enzyme activity. The activity of the soil carbon cyclic enzyme and the protease is positively related to the soil TC and C/ N, and is negatively correlated with the NH4 +-N; in addition, the soil enzyme and the catalase are positively related to the soil p H value and the OC content; on the other hand, the soil phosphatases are closely related to the physical and chemical components of most soil. The microbial community analysis (PLFA) characterized by phospholipid fatty acid indicated that the abundance of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the soil under the treatment group of the organic fertilizer was obviously improved, and the benefit of M treatment was the most significant. With the application of chemical fertilizer, the biomass of the soil microbial population is low. The main component analysis was used to assess the change of the soil microbial community caused by the fertilization treatment. The results showed that most of the PLFA-labeled microbial population was the largest in the M-treated soil, followed by FW treatment, and the two were far apart from the main component score map. The population structure of the microbial community in the treatment of different organic fertilizers can be estimated to be very different. Although the application and application of different fertilizer treatment groups are different, the change of soil microbial community structure under chemical fertilizer treatment is not obvious. The redundancy analysis further indicates that the microbial population of the test is positively correlated with the content of AP, OC, TN, TC and C/ N, and FW and M treatment can improve the soil microbial biomass and ecological function. In addition, although the soil bacteria/ fungi (F/ B) values were not significantly related to any of the physical and chemical variables in the soil environment, the variable values reached the highest in the FW. The results show that FW can obviously improve the acidity and salinity of the soil, but also can improve the physical and chemical components of the soil, although the M treatment is more obvious, and the activity of the soil enzyme is also obviously improved, and the activity of the soil enzyme is the most significant. Although both organic fertilizers can significantly improve the biomass of the microbial population, the main component analysis shows that the distribution frame of the soil microbial population is very different. In addition, the redundancy analysis indicates that the accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the main factor to inhibit the microbial activity and the growth of the biomass, while the inorganic nitrogen component in the FW is more balanced and the content is less. Therefore, the FW application has good development value in the improvement of agricultural soil.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TS254.9;S156
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