施用新型微生物肥料对土壤养分及花生生长发育和产量的影响

发布时间：2019-03-21 08:45

【摘要】：近年来,由于化肥的过度施用及不合理施肥,使土壤板结,土壤微生物区系发生变化,也导致我国肥料利用率低,污染日益加剧,作物单产提高受到限制。微生物菌肥是近几年新兴的一种无公害肥料,其具有改良土壤增强土壤肥力,提高作物抗病性、抗旱、促进作物早熟的功效,还能降低土壤农药残留,增加植物对养分的吸收等效果。近年来,花生的地位在世界贸易中越来越重要,它是我国重要的经济作物和油料作物。我国种植的花生品质优良,是重要的出口农产品之一。推动花生产业的快速良好发展,能够在一定程度上促进我国经济的发展。本研究通过田间试验,研究两种菌肥(水剂与粉剂)对花生生长发育、土壤肥力、土壤细菌群落及花生产量的影响,为合理施用生物肥提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：(1)与常规施肥相比,两种菌肥分别与常规肥料配合使用时促进花生的营养生长效果显著,分别单施两种菌肥对花生植株生长性状的影响不大。(2)施用水剂菌肥与粉剂菌肥有提高土壤肥力的作用。两种菌肥本身所含养分较少,但与常规肥料配合施用能够促进肥料中养分释放,从而提高土壤肥料中养分利用效率。在整个生育时期,单独施用两种菌肥不能增加土壤的养分含量；与常规肥料或花生炭基肥配合施用两种菌肥能够增加土壤铵态氮含量；对于土壤硝态氮含量施用两种菌肥影响不大；两种菌肥与常规肥料或花生炭基肥配合施用在结荚期后对土壤速效钾含量的影响更显著。(3)施用水剂菌肥与粉剂菌肥能够增加植株的养分积累。与不施肥处理相比,两种菌肥无论是单施还是与常规肥料或花生炭基肥配合施用,都能增加植株养分积累量,且两种菌肥与常规肥料配合施用增加氮素积累效果更显著；单施两种菌肥较不施肥处理也能够显著提高植株养分积累量,但与处理常规施肥相比植株所积累的氮素和钾素要低,磷素积累差异不显著。(4)施用水剂菌肥与粉剂菌肥能够显著增加土壤中细菌数量。其中水剂菌肥易受到化学肥料的影响使细菌数量增长不及单独施用的处理,这可能与其液体形态和施肥方式及肥料成分、浓度有关。粉剂菌肥菌肥不受化学肥料的影响,单施时能够显著增加土壤细菌数量,与常规肥料配施时增加土壤细菌数量效果更显著。(5)施用水剂菌肥与粉剂菌肥有增加产量的作用。与不施肥处理相比,处理拌种+常规施肥增产达到38.1%处理拌种+花生炭基肥与不施肥处理相比产量增加37.4%.说明水剂菌肥与花生炭基肥配合施用增产效果更好；与不施肥处理相比处理粉剂基施+常规施肥产量增加41.6%,与不施肥处理相比处理粉剂基施+花生炭基肥达到37.2%,说明粉剂菌肥液体菌肥与常规施肥配合施用增产效果更好。
[Abstract]:In recent years, due to the excessive application of chemical fertilizers and unreasonable fertilization, soil clotting and soil microbial flora changes, which also leads to low fertilizer use efficiency, increasing pollution and limiting the increase of crop yield per unit in China. Microbial fertilizer is a newly developed pollution-free fertilizer in recent years. It can improve soil fertility, improve crop disease resistance, drought resistance, promote early maturity of crops, and reduce pesticide residue in soil. Increase the effect of nutrient absorption by plants. In recent years, peanut is becoming more and more important in world trade. It is an important economic crop and oil crop in China. Peanuts planted in China are of good quality and are one of the important export agricultural products. Promoting the rapid and good development of peanut industry can promote the economic development of our country to a certain extent. The effects of two kinds of bacterial fertilizer (water and powder) on the growth and development of peanut, soil fertility, soil bacterial community and peanut yield were studied by field experiment, which provided scientific basis for rational application of bio-fertilizer. The main results are as follows: (1) compared with conventional fertilization, two kinds of bacterial fertilizer combined with conventional fertilizer can promote the vegetative growth of peanut significantly. Single application of two kinds of bacterial fertilizer had little effect on the growth characters of peanut plant. (2) the application of water-soluble bacterial fertilizer and powdered bacterial fertilizer could improve the soil fertility. The two kinds of bacterial fertilizers themselves contain less nutrients, but in combination with conventional fertilizers, they can promote the release of nutrients in fertilizers, and thus improve the efficiency of nutrient use in soil fertilizers. In the whole growth period, the application of two kinds of bacterial fertilizer alone could not increase the nutrient content of soil, and the application of two kinds of bacterial fertilizer combined with conventional fertilizer or peanut carbon-based fertilizer could increase the content of ammonium nitrogen in soil. The application of two kinds of bacterial fertilizer had little effect on the nitrate nitrogen content of soil. The effect of two kinds of bacterial fertilizer combined with conventional fertilizer or peanut charcoal-based fertilizer on the content of available potassium in soil was more significant after pod-setting. (3) the nutrient accumulation of plants could be increased by applying water-soluble bacterial fertilizer and powdered bacterial fertilizer. Compared with the non-fertilization treatment, both bacterial fertilizer and conventional fertilizer or peanut charcoal-based fertilizer could increase the plant nutrient accumulation, and the effect of two kinds of bacterial fertilizer combined with conventional fertilizer on nitrogen accumulation was more significant than that of the non-fertilization treatment (P < 0. 05), and the effect of the two kinds of bacterial fertilizer combined with conventional fertilizer on nitrogen accumulation was more significant. The nutrient accumulation of plant was significantly increased by applying two kinds of bacterial fertilizer alone, but the accumulation of nitrogen and potassium was lower than that of conventional fertilization. There was no significant difference in the accumulation of phosphorus. (4) the amount of bacteria in soil could be significantly increased by applying water-soluble bacterial fertilizer and powdered bacterial fertilizer. The number of bacteria increased less than that of single application because of the influence of chemical fertilizer, which may be related to its liquid form, fertilization mode, fertilizer composition and concentration. Powdered bacterial fertilizer was not affected by chemical fertilizer, but could significantly increase the number of soil bacteria when applied alone, especially when combined with conventional fertilizer. (5) the application of water-soluble bacterial fertilizer and powdered bacterial fertilizer could increase the yield of the soil. (5) the application of water-soluble bacterial fertilizer and powdered bacterial fertilizer could increase the yield of soil. Compared with the non-fertilization treatment, the yield of peanut charcoal-based fertilizer was 37.4% higher than that of the non-fertilizing treatment by 38.1%. The results showed that the combination of water-soluble bacterial fertilizer and peanut charcoal-based fertilizer had better effect on increasing yield. Compared with the non-fertilization treatment, the yield of conventional fertilization was increased by 41.6%, and that of peanut charcoal-based fertilizer was 37.2% compared with that of non-fertilizing treatment, and the yield of conventional fertilization was increased by 41.6% and 37.2%, respectively. The results showed that liquid bacterial fertilizer combined with conventional fertilization had better effect on increasing yield.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S158;S565.2

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