稻秸秆切碎装置设计与试验研究

发布时间：2019-05-17 11:45

【摘要】：稻秸秆是一种重要的农业资源,可用于畜禽饲料、造纸原料、建筑材料、生物质能源及有机肥等。近年来稻秸秆的利用主要采用机械还田,但功率消耗大,机具缠草、壅泥严重,作业效果差,严重影响稻秸秆的资源利用。本研究在收集整理大量文献的基础上,介绍了目前国内外秸秆切碎装置现状,分析了各种装置的优缺点及局限性,探讨了稻秸秆切碎还田方式及其作业机具的发展趋势。针对中国南方稻田留茬高,土壤黏重板结,稻田油菜栽种复式作业机耕整地作业部件易缠草、壅泥,影响成厢起垄装置作业质量和油菜出苗率的难题,提出了将田间稻秸秆收集切碎并绕过耕作部件后均匀覆盖于播种行行间的油菜覆草直播种植方法,设计了一种多功能油菜覆草直播播种机,为实现多功能油菜覆草直播播种机将稻秸秆均匀切碎还田的工作工序,设计了一种动刀、定刀及风送叶片同轴安装的稻秸秆切碎装置；对装置的机架部件进行了静力学有限元分析,优化了机架结构参数,对机架进行动力学模态分析,避免工作过程中产生共振：运用Design-Expert数据分析软件,试验研究了稻秸秆“站秆”和“残茬”的切碎作业的多因素二次正交旋转组合试验,通过对模型的方差分析和二次回归模型拟合,得到了稻秸秆切碎长度合格率、功率损耗对3个自变量影响因素的二次多元回归方程,得到了3个自变量影响因素对切碎长度合格率、功率损耗的显著性顺序从大到小依次为动刀转轴转速、动定刀间隙、喂入压辊转速；应用响应曲面法分析了该3个因素对稻秸秆“站秆”和“残茬”切碎长度合格率、功率损耗的影响规律,得到了装置对“站秆”和“残茬”切碎时的最优参数组合分别为：喂入压辊转速399.2 r/min,401.64 r/min;动刀转轴转速968.12 r/min,977.23 r/min;动定刀间隙0.52 mm,0.49 mm;此时的切碎长度合格率软件预测值为95.89%,97.09%;功率损耗软件预测值为3.04 kW,2.60 kW。并进行验证试验得出了“站秆”和“残茬”切碎长度合格率实际试验值与软件预测值的差值分别为0.11%,0.11%；功率损耗的差值分别为0.05 kW,0.08 kW;实际试验值与软件预测值基本相符。且符合小于150mm稻秸秆平均切碎长度合格率大于90%的稻秸秆还田农艺要求。最后,依据动刀转轴转速越高、动定刀间隙越小则稻秸秆切碎合格长度率越高的理论分析结论,综合田间稻秸秆的存在形态,设计该稻秸秆切碎装置的喂入压辊转速为401.64 r/min,动刀转轴转速为977.23 r/min,动定刀间隙为0.49mm。该研究为多功能油菜覆草直播播种机的产业化提供了技术参考。
[Abstract]:Rice straw is an important agricultural resource, which can be used in livestock feed, papermaking raw materials, building materials, biomass energy and organic fertilizer. In recent years, the utilization of rice straw is mainly mechanical return to the field, but the power consumption is large, the machine is entangled with grass, the mud is serious, and the operation effect is poor, which seriously affects the utilization of rice straw resources. On the basis of collecting and sorting out a large number of literatures, this paper introduces the present situation of straw shredding devices at home and abroad, analyzes the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of various devices, and probes into the development trend of rice straw shredding and returning equipment. In view of the problems of high stubble, heavy soil bonding and consolidation, easy to wrap grass and mud, which affect the quality of box ridging device and the emergence rate of rapeseed, the rice rape planting machine ploughing parts are easy to wrap grass and mud, which affects the quality of box ridging device and the emergence rate of rapeseed. A direct seeding planting method of rapeseed covered with grass was put forward, in which the field rice straw was collected and shredded and bypassed the cultivated parts and evenly covered between sowing lines, and a multifunctional direct seeding machine for rapeseed was designed. In order to realize the working procedure of uniform shredding and returning rice straw to the field by multifunctional rape grass mulching direct seeding machine, a kind of rice straw shredding device was designed, which was installed coaxial with moving knife, fixed knife and wind feed blade. The statics finite element analysis of the frame parts of the device is carried out, the structural parameters of the frame are optimized, and the dynamic modal analysis of the frame is carried out to avoid resonance in the working process. Design-Expert data analysis software is used. The multi-factor quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test of cutting rice straw "station stalk" and "residual stubble" was studied. Through the variance analysis of the model and the fitting of quadratic regression model, the qualified rate of rice straw shredding length was obtained. The quadratic multiple regression equation of the influence of power loss on three independent variables is obtained, and the qualified rate of three independent variable influencing factors on shredding length is obtained. The order of power loss from large to small is the rotating speed of the rotating shaft of the moving tool and the clearance of the moving cutter. Feed roller speed; The effects of these three factors on the qualified rate and power loss of "station stalk" and "residual stubble" shredding length of rice straw were analyzed by response surface method. The optimal combination of parameters for shredding "station culm" and "stubble" is obtained as follows: feeding roller speed 399.2 r min, 401.64 r min; The rotating speed of the rotating shaft of the moving tool is 968.12 r / min, 977.23 r / min, and the qualified rate of the shredding length of the cutting length is 95.89% and 97.09% at the time of 0.52 mm,0.49 mm; of the moving knife clearance, and the qualified rate of the cutting length is 95.89% and 97.09% respectively. The predicted value of power loss software is 3.04 kW,2.60 kW.. The difference between the qualified rate of "station culm" and "residual stubble" shredding length and the predicted value of software is 0.11% and 0.11%, respectively, and the difference between the qualified rate of shredding length and the predicted value of software is 0.11% and 0.11%, respectively. The difference of power loss is 0.05 kW,0.08 kW;. The actual test value is in good agreement with the predicted value of the software. The qualified rate of rice straw is more than 90%, which meets the agronomic requirements of rice straw returning to the field, which is less than 90% of the average shredding length of 150mm rice straw. Finally, according to the theoretical analysis conclusion that the higher the rotating speed of the rotating shaft and the smaller the clearance of the moving knife, the higher the qualified length rate of rice straw shredding, the existing form of rice straw in the field is synthesized. The rotating speed of the feeding roller, the rotating speed of the rotating shaft and the clearance of the moving cutter are 401.64 r / min, 977.23 r / min and 0.49 mm, respectively. This study provides a technical reference for the industrialization of multifunctional direct seeding machine covered with grass.
【学位授予单位】：湖南农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S224.29

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