果菇间作系统下紫色土碳氮组分变化特征及其相互关系研究
发布时间：2019-05-19 16:00
【摘要】：柑橘园是三峡库区丰富城乡农产品市场,繁荣城乡经济的主要来源。三峡库区以紫色土为主,紫色土由沉积岩发育而成,母质为紫色砂岩土,物理风化强烈,土壤疏松,加上三峡库区降雨丰富,暴雨频发,柑橘园地表植被覆盖率低,水土流失严重。三峡工程建成之后,大批沿江优质柑橘园被淹没,仅剩的柑橘园无法满足市场和现代果园生产要求,因此开发了大批幼龄柑橘园。但是传统的果树单作模式土壤侵蚀严重、病虫害发生频繁、经济效益低下。所以寻找一种生态与经济效益相结合的柑橘种植模式意义重大。许多研究表明果园间作系统是一种传统的土地利用方式和生产方式,它不但充分利用了自然资源,提高了资源的利用效率,具有良好的环境效应,而且促进土壤碳氮循环的物理和化学过程,提高了土壤碳氮利用效率和作物产量。秸秆覆盖可显著增加土壤养分,具有截流保肥的效果。但是在三峡库区柑橘园将食用菌作为间作作物与施加辅料(腐熟秸秆)结合研究比较少。本研究以重庆市江津区慈云镇柑橘园基地为对象,基于立体农业及秸秆养菇还田理念,充分考虑三峡库区柑橘园光热资源分布规律,并结合大球盖菇生长特性,创新性地提出柑橘园间作大球盖菇的生态复合经营模式。试验以辅料(腐熟秸秆)作为培养基料,在紫色土柑橘园中间作大球盖菇,对比分析正常间作、密植间作、稀疏间作、裸地对照及辅料对照5组处理对紫色土柑橘园上下层(0-10 cm,30-50 cm)土壤中总有机碳(TOC)及活性有机碳组分(可溶性有机碳DOC、易氧化有机碳ROC、轻组有机碳LFOC、微生物量碳SMBC)、全氮(TN)、有效氮(碱解氮AHN、铵态氮NH_4~+、硝态氮NO_3~-)、酸解氮组分(酸解总氮HTN、酸解氨态氮AN、酸解氨基酸态氮AAN、酸解氨基糖态氮ASN、酸解未知态氮HUN、非酸解态氮NHN)等指标的影响及其相互关系,并评价其对大球盖菇产量的影响。以期为土壤碳氮循环、减少水土流失和提升农副产品收益的相关研究提供基础数据和理论支撑,为三峡库区优质柑橘园复合利用模式及库区农业生态文明建设提供一种可行性方案。研究结果表明:(1)柑橘园添加辅料和间作大球盖菇增加了土壤碳氮含量,提升了土壤质量。间作密度和土层显著影响土壤有机碳的氮素含量,上层土壤(0-10 cm)碳氮含量显著高于下层土壤(30-50 cm)。稀疏间作处理更有利于土壤活性有机碳组分累积和NH_4~+、HTN、AN、HUN的累积,其次是正常间作处理。正常间作处理更有利于TN、AHN、NO_3~-、AAN和ASN的累积,稀疏间作次之。密植间作处理有利于NHN的积累。活性有机碳组分和不同形态氮组分间相互影响,存在不同程度的相关性,添加辅料、间作密度、土层对柑橘园土壤养分影响显著。(2)柑橘园碳库指数(CPI)和碳库管理指数(CMI)受辅料、土层、间作和间作密度影响显著。间作和辅料对照处理显著提高上层土壤(0-10 cm)CPI和CMI,正常间作处理CPI显著高于其他处理,稀疏间作和正常间作处理CMI显著大于其他处理。间作和辅料对照处理下层土壤(30-50 cm)CPI显著大于裸地对照处理,辅料对照处理CPI最大,其次是正常间作处理。裸地对照处理CMI显著大于其他处理,辅料对照处理CMI最小。各处理CPI和CMI差异显著,可以作为果菇间作系统下土壤碳库质量变化的评价指标。(3)柑橘园土壤不同形态氮组分间存在不同程度的相关性,各处理上下层土壤酸解氮组分占全氮的比例差异不显著。HTN与TN、AN、AAN、ASN、HUN、NHN之间存在显著或极显著正相关性,有机氮各组分之间也存在显著或极显著正相关性。HTN、AAN含量占TN含量比例偏小,变化范围分别为54.07%-72.55%、18.55%-25.08%,AN与AAN含量占TN含量比例相近,ASN占TN含量比例最小,NHN占TN含量比例最大。下层土壤(30-50 cm)中各处理HTN、AN、ASN、NHN占比大于上层土壤(0-10 cm),而AAN和HUN占比小于上层土壤(0-10 cm)。(4)添加辅料和间作使柑橘园土壤C/N升高,土壤碳氮存在较稳定的耦合关系。上下层土壤均是辅料对照处理C/N最大,均值分别为13.95、13.70,其次是正常间作处理,均值分别为13.49、12.83,裸地对照处理C/N最小,均值分别为11.63、11.19。土壤C/N总体偏低,土壤微生物分解活动能力增强,柑橘园土壤有效养分增加。各处理C/N变化范围较小,上下层土壤C/N相差不明显,土壤碳氮之间关系稳定。(5)柑橘园添加辅料正常密度间作模式大球盖菇产量最大。正常间作处理新鲜单菇均重分别比密植间作和稀疏间作处理高1.52 g、1.80 g,新鲜大球盖菇产量比密植间作产量高5.77 ton/ha,比稀疏间作处理高6.87 ton/ha。正常间作处理单菇鲜重和鲜菇平均产量均高于稀疏间作和密植间作产量,其大球盖菇外形美观,产量最高。柑橘/大球盖菇间作在一定程度上能够促进紫色土土壤中碳氮组分的形成和累积,增加紫色土土壤养分。CPI和CMI可以作为柑橘园添加辅料和间作密度对土壤碳库质量影响的评价指标。柑橘/大球盖菇间作系统C/N变化范围较小,存在较稳定的耦合关系。
[Abstract]:The citrus garden is the main source of the rich and rural agricultural products market in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the prosperity of the urban and rural economy. The Three Gorges Reservoir area is dominated by purple soil, and the purple soil is developed from the sedimentary rock. The mother material is the purple sandstone soil, the physical weathering is strong, the soil is loose, and the rainfall in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is rich, the rainstorm is frequent, the vegetation coverage of the surface of the citrus garden is low, and the water and soil loss is serious. After the completion of the Three Gorges Project, a large number of high-quality citrus gardens along the Yangtze River are submerged, and only the remaining citrus gardens are unable to meet the market and modern orchard production requirements, so a large number of young citrus gardens have been developed. However, the traditional fruit tree has serious soil erosion, frequent occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and low economic benefit. Therefore, it is of great significance to find a kind of citrus planting pattern with the combination of ecology and economic benefit. Many studies show that the intercropping system of the orchard is a traditional land-use method and production mode, which not only makes full use of the natural resources, improves the utilization efficiency of the resources, has a good environmental effect, but also promotes the physical and chemical process of the soil carbon-nitrogen cycle, Improve that utilization efficiency of soil carbon and nitrogen and crop yield. The straw mulching can obviously increase the soil nutrient, and has the effect of cutting off the fertilizer. However, in the citrus garden of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the combination of edible fungi as intercropping and the application of auxiliary materials (decomposed straw) is less. Taking the citrus garden base of Ciyun Town, Jiangjin District, Chongqing as an object, the paper takes full consideration of the distribution law of the photothermal resources in the citrus orchard of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and combines the growth characteristics of the large-ball and the mushroom, based on the concept of the three-dimensional agriculture and the straw-keeping mushroom. In this paper, the eco-complex operation model of the intercropping large-ball and the mushroom in the citrus orchard is proposed. In that experiment, the auxiliary material (decomposed straw) is used as the culture medium material, and a large-ball cover mushroom is used in the middle of the orange garden of the purple soil, and the upper layer (0-10 cm) of the purple soil citrus orchard is treated by comparison and analysis of the normal intercropping, the close-planting intercropping, the sparse intercropping, the naked ground control and the auxiliary material control group 5. 30-50 cm) total organic carbon (TOC) and active organic carbon component (soluble organic carbon DOC, easy-to-oxidize organic carbon ROC, light group organic carbon LFOC, microbial biomass carbon SMBC), total nitrogen (TN), effective nitrogen (alkaline solution nitrogen AHN, nitrite nitrogen NH _ 4-+, nitrate nitrogen NO _ 3--), The effects of acidolysis nitrogen component (total nitrogen HTN, acid hydrolysis ammonia nitrogen AN, acidolysis amino acid nitrogen AAN, acidolysis amino-sugar nitrogen ASN, acidolysis unknown nitrogen HUN, non-acid-free nitrogen NHN) and other indexes were studied and their influence on the yield of the large-ball-covered mushroom was evaluated. In order to provide the basic data and theoretical support for the research of the soil carbon-nitrogen cycle, the reduction of soil erosion and the improvement of the yield of the agricultural and sideline products, a feasible scheme is provided for the compound utilization model of the high-quality citrus garden in the Three Gorges Reservoir and the construction of the agricultural ecological civilization in the reservoir area. The results showed that (1) the addition of the auxiliary materials and the intercropping of the large-ball-covered mushroom in the citrus orchard increased the soil carbon and nitrogen content, and the soil quality was improved. The intercropping density and soil layer significantly affected the nitrogen content of soil organic carbon, and the carbon-nitrogen content of the upper soil (0-10 cm) was significantly higher than that of the lower soil (30-50 cm). Sparse intercropping is more beneficial to the accumulation of soil active organic carbon components and the accumulation of NH _ 4 ~ +, HTN, AN and HUN, followed by normal intercropping. The normal intercropping is more beneficial to the accumulation of TN, AHN, NO _ 3 ~-, AAN and ASN. The intercropping of intercropping is beneficial to the accumulation of NHN. The interaction between the active organic carbon component and the nitrogen component of different forms, the correlation of different degrees, the addition of the auxiliary materials, the intercropping density and the effect of the soil layer on the soil nutrient of the citrus orchard were significant. (2) The carbon bank index (CPI) and the carbon bank management index (CMI) of the citrus orchard were affected by the auxiliary materials, the soil layer, the intercropping and the intercropping density. The control of intercropping and auxiliary materials significantly increased the upper soil (0-10 cm) CPI and CMI, and the normal intercropping CPI was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the intercropping and the normal intercropping of CMI were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The CPI in the lower soil (30-50 cm) was significantly higher than that of the bare ground control, and the control of the auxiliary materials was the largest, followed by the normal intercropping. The CMI was significantly greater than that of other treatments, and the auxiliary control treated the CMI at a minimum. The difference of CPI and CMI is significant, which can be used as the evaluation index of the quality change of soil carbon bank under the intercropping system of the fruiting body. (3) There was a different degree of correlation among the different nitrogen components in the soil of the citrus orchard, and the difference of the total nitrogen in the soil acidolysis and nitrogen components of the upper and lower layers was not significant. There was significant or very significant positive correlation between HTN and TN, AN, AAN, ASN, HUN and NHN, and there was significant or significant positive correlation among the components of organic nitrogen. The content of HTN and AAN in the content of TN is small, the range of variation is 54.07%-72.55%, 18.55%-25.08%, the content of the AN and the AAN is similar to that of the TN, the proportion of the ASN in the TN content is the smallest, and the proportion of the NHN in the TN content is the largest. The ratio of HTN, AN, ASN and NHN in the lower soil (30-50 cm) was greater than that of the upper soil (0-10 cm), while the AAN and HUN account for less than the upper soil (0-10 cm). And (4) adding auxiliary materials and intercropping to increase the C/ N of the soil C/ N and the stable coupling relation of the soil carbon and nitrogen. The mean value of C/ N was 13.95 and 13.70, followed by normal intercropping, and the mean values were 13.49, 12.83 and C/ N, respectively, and the mean value was 11.63 and 11.19, respectively. The soil C/ N is generally low, the soil microbial decomposition activity is enhanced, and the effective nutrient of the soil in the citrus orchard is increased. The change of C/ N in the soil was small, the difference between C/ N and C/ N in the upper and lower layers was not obvious, and the relationship between soil carbon and nitrogen was stable. (5) The yield of the large-ball-covered mushroom with the normal-density intercropping pattern of the addition of the auxiliary materials in the citrus orchard was the largest. The results showed that the yield of fresh single mushroom was 1.52 g, 1.80 g and 5.77ton/ ha higher than that of the intercropping and intercropping, and 6.87 ton/ ha higher than that of the sparse intercropping. The fresh weight and the average yield of the fresh mushroom with the normal intercropping were higher than that of the sparse intercropping and the close-planting intercropping. The formation and accumulation of carbon and nitrogen components in the soil of the purple soil can be promoted to a certain extent, and the soil nutrient of the purple soil is increased. CPI and CMI can be used as an evaluation index for the effect of the addition of auxiliary materials and intercropping density on the quality of soil carbon pools. The C/ N variation range of the intercropping system of the citrus/ large-ball-cap-mushroom intercropping system is small, and the stable coupling relationship exists.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S153.6
本文编号：2480856
[Abstract]:The citrus garden is the main source of the rich and rural agricultural products market in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the prosperity of the urban and rural economy. The Three Gorges Reservoir area is dominated by purple soil, and the purple soil is developed from the sedimentary rock. The mother material is the purple sandstone soil, the physical weathering is strong, the soil is loose, and the rainfall in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is rich, the rainstorm is frequent, the vegetation coverage of the surface of the citrus garden is low, and the water and soil loss is serious. After the completion of the Three Gorges Project, a large number of high-quality citrus gardens along the Yangtze River are submerged, and only the remaining citrus gardens are unable to meet the market and modern orchard production requirements, so a large number of young citrus gardens have been developed. However, the traditional fruit tree has serious soil erosion, frequent occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and low economic benefit. Therefore, it is of great significance to find a kind of citrus planting pattern with the combination of ecology and economic benefit. Many studies show that the intercropping system of the orchard is a traditional land-use method and production mode, which not only makes full use of the natural resources, improves the utilization efficiency of the resources, has a good environmental effect, but also promotes the physical and chemical process of the soil carbon-nitrogen cycle, Improve that utilization efficiency of soil carbon and nitrogen and crop yield. The straw mulching can obviously increase the soil nutrient, and has the effect of cutting off the fertilizer. However, in the citrus garden of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the combination of edible fungi as intercropping and the application of auxiliary materials (decomposed straw) is less. Taking the citrus garden base of Ciyun Town, Jiangjin District, Chongqing as an object, the paper takes full consideration of the distribution law of the photothermal resources in the citrus orchard of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and combines the growth characteristics of the large-ball and the mushroom, based on the concept of the three-dimensional agriculture and the straw-keeping mushroom. In this paper, the eco-complex operation model of the intercropping large-ball and the mushroom in the citrus orchard is proposed. In that experiment, the auxiliary material (decomposed straw) is used as the culture medium material, and a large-ball cover mushroom is used in the middle of the orange garden of the purple soil, and the upper layer (0-10 cm) of the purple soil citrus orchard is treated by comparison and analysis of the normal intercropping, the close-planting intercropping, the sparse intercropping, the naked ground control and the auxiliary material control group 5. 30-50 cm) total organic carbon (TOC) and active organic carbon component (soluble organic carbon DOC, easy-to-oxidize organic carbon ROC, light group organic carbon LFOC, microbial biomass carbon SMBC), total nitrogen (TN), effective nitrogen (alkaline solution nitrogen AHN, nitrite nitrogen NH _ 4-+, nitrate nitrogen NO _ 3--), The effects of acidolysis nitrogen component (total nitrogen HTN, acid hydrolysis ammonia nitrogen AN, acidolysis amino acid nitrogen AAN, acidolysis amino-sugar nitrogen ASN, acidolysis unknown nitrogen HUN, non-acid-free nitrogen NHN) and other indexes were studied and their influence on the yield of the large-ball-covered mushroom was evaluated. In order to provide the basic data and theoretical support for the research of the soil carbon-nitrogen cycle, the reduction of soil erosion and the improvement of the yield of the agricultural and sideline products, a feasible scheme is provided for the compound utilization model of the high-quality citrus garden in the Three Gorges Reservoir and the construction of the agricultural ecological civilization in the reservoir area. The results showed that (1) the addition of the auxiliary materials and the intercropping of the large-ball-covered mushroom in the citrus orchard increased the soil carbon and nitrogen content, and the soil quality was improved. The intercropping density and soil layer significantly affected the nitrogen content of soil organic carbon, and the carbon-nitrogen content of the upper soil (0-10 cm) was significantly higher than that of the lower soil (30-50 cm). Sparse intercropping is more beneficial to the accumulation of soil active organic carbon components and the accumulation of NH _ 4 ~ +, HTN, AN and HUN, followed by normal intercropping. The normal intercropping is more beneficial to the accumulation of TN, AHN, NO _ 3 ~-, AAN and ASN. The intercropping of intercropping is beneficial to the accumulation of NHN. The interaction between the active organic carbon component and the nitrogen component of different forms, the correlation of different degrees, the addition of the auxiliary materials, the intercropping density and the effect of the soil layer on the soil nutrient of the citrus orchard were significant. (2) The carbon bank index (CPI) and the carbon bank management index (CMI) of the citrus orchard were affected by the auxiliary materials, the soil layer, the intercropping and the intercropping density. The control of intercropping and auxiliary materials significantly increased the upper soil (0-10 cm) CPI and CMI, and the normal intercropping CPI was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the intercropping and the normal intercropping of CMI were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The CPI in the lower soil (30-50 cm) was significantly higher than that of the bare ground control, and the control of the auxiliary materials was the largest, followed by the normal intercropping. The CMI was significantly greater than that of other treatments, and the auxiliary control treated the CMI at a minimum. The difference of CPI and CMI is significant, which can be used as the evaluation index of the quality change of soil carbon bank under the intercropping system of the fruiting body. (3) There was a different degree of correlation among the different nitrogen components in the soil of the citrus orchard, and the difference of the total nitrogen in the soil acidolysis and nitrogen components of the upper and lower layers was not significant. There was significant or very significant positive correlation between HTN and TN, AN, AAN, ASN, HUN and NHN, and there was significant or significant positive correlation among the components of organic nitrogen. The content of HTN and AAN in the content of TN is small, the range of variation is 54.07%-72.55%, 18.55%-25.08%, the content of the AN and the AAN is similar to that of the TN, the proportion of the ASN in the TN content is the smallest, and the proportion of the NHN in the TN content is the largest. The ratio of HTN, AN, ASN and NHN in the lower soil (30-50 cm) was greater than that of the upper soil (0-10 cm), while the AAN and HUN account for less than the upper soil (0-10 cm). And (4) adding auxiliary materials and intercropping to increase the C/ N of the soil C/ N and the stable coupling relation of the soil carbon and nitrogen. The mean value of C/ N was 13.95 and 13.70, followed by normal intercropping, and the mean values were 13.49, 12.83 and C/ N, respectively, and the mean value was 11.63 and 11.19, respectively. The soil C/ N is generally low, the soil microbial decomposition activity is enhanced, and the effective nutrient of the soil in the citrus orchard is increased. The change of C/ N in the soil was small, the difference between C/ N and C/ N in the upper and lower layers was not obvious, and the relationship between soil carbon and nitrogen was stable. (5) The yield of the large-ball-covered mushroom with the normal-density intercropping pattern of the addition of the auxiliary materials in the citrus orchard was the largest. The results showed that the yield of fresh single mushroom was 1.52 g, 1.80 g and 5.77ton/ ha higher than that of the intercropping and intercropping, and 6.87 ton/ ha higher than that of the sparse intercropping. The fresh weight and the average yield of the fresh mushroom with the normal intercropping were higher than that of the sparse intercropping and the close-planting intercropping. The formation and accumulation of carbon and nitrogen components in the soil of the purple soil can be promoted to a certain extent, and the soil nutrient of the purple soil is increased. CPI and CMI can be used as an evaluation index for the effect of the addition of auxiliary materials and intercropping density on the quality of soil carbon pools. The C/ N variation range of the intercropping system of the citrus/ large-ball-cap-mushroom intercropping system is small, and the stable coupling relationship exists.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S153.6
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