秸秆全量还田双季稻氮肥管理策略研究
发布时间：2019-05-28 21:00
【摘要】：水稻是亚洲地区最重要的粮食作物,在我国水稻种植面积大、单位面积产量高,对保障国家粮食安全和满足人口增长需求具有重要意义。长期以来,施用化学氮肥是我国稳定和提高水稻产量的重要手段,但在水稻生产中,农民盲目施用氮肥的现象十分普遍,不仅导致植稻成本增加、氮素肥料的严重浪费,还会引发地下水污染及水体富营养化等一系列环境污染问题。而减少氮肥施用量又会存在水稻减产的风险,因此氮肥管理将成为稻作生产中不可缺少的重要措施。此外,随着作物产量不断增加,秸秆产量也在持续上升,目前中国秸秆年产量约占全世界秸秆总产量的三成,数量如此巨大的秸秆已对环境造成了极大的压力,秸秆资源的合理利用已经成为亟待解决的环境问题。富含作物生长所需的多种营养元素的秸秆归还至农田,既可以解决秸秆资源的处理问题,又可以提高土壤肥力,降低化肥用量,提高农民收入。双季稻连作是我国南方地区水稻生产的重要方式,水稻秸秆产量大,且早稻与晚稻间间隔时间短,因此制定相应的氮肥管理策略对稳定双季稻产量和提高水稻对氮素的吸收利用具有重要意义。本研究基于红壤双季稻田秸秆全量还田长期定位试验,通过设置不同氮肥运筹措施(包括减氮及不同基追肥比例),分析不同氮肥管理模式下双季稻产量、氮素吸收以及水稻关键生育时期土壤养分的差异,探讨长期秸秆还田和氮肥管理对双季稻生产及氮素利用效率的影响,以期为南方双季稻区秸秆全量还田条件下通过合理的氮肥管理实现稻田地力提升和提高氮肥施用效率提供进一步的理论依据和技术指导。主要研究结果如下:(1)连续3-4年秸秆全量还田条件下,与不施氮对照(S)相比,施氮提高了晚稻土壤有机质含量及脲酶活性;减氮处理中上述肥力指标有下降趋势,但差异未达显著水平。氮肥减施处理中,处理SRN6:4晚稻各生育时期土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾及脲酶活性基本保持较高水平;同时,增施秸秆促腐菌剂处理SRN6:4M较相同氮肥管理但不施菌剂处理SRN6:4提高了晚稻土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾的含量及脲酶活性。(2)施用氮肥对土壤不同形态氮素存在较大影响,其中高氮(农民习惯施氮)处理土壤全氮、硝态氮、固定态铵及微生物量氮含量基本保持较高水平,氮肥减施导致2015、2016年土壤硝态氮含量及2015年微生物量氮含量减少,但并未显著降低2016年晚稻土壤全氮、交换性铵及固定态铵含量。在等量施氮条件下,氮肥适当后移导致土壤硝态氮、固定态铵及微生物量氮含量提高,而不同施肥策略对土壤全氮、交换性铵含量影响较小。秸秆促腐菌剂对减少硝态氮含量和提高固定态铵、微生物量氮含量有一定作用。同时土壤固定态铵、微生物量氮含量在2015年晚稻生育期间均呈现持续降低趋势,减氮处理中,SRN4:6处理土壤固定态铵、微生物量氮含量下降幅度最大。(3)在本研究中,与农民习惯施氮处理相比,氮肥减施并未导致双季稻产量显著降低(SRN8:2处理除外),说明在秸秆全量还田条件下氮肥减施仍然是可行的。在等量施氮条件下,增加氮肥追肥比例能够提高双季稻产量,同时配施秸秆促腐菌剂也有利于双季稻增产。从2013至2016年,早稻产量在2014年有所降低,随后持续升高;晚稻则有持续增产的趋势。(4)本试验条件下,双季稻体内氮素积累量随氮肥用量增加而提高的趋势,使用秸秆促腐菌剂可以提高双季稻氮素积累量,但有降低氮素籽粒生产力效率及氮素收获指数的趋势(差异未达显著水平)。氮肥减施处理SRN4:6、SRN6:4的双季稻氮肥农学效率及氮肥利用率均高于习惯施肥处理SFN4:6。在等量施氮条件下,随着氮肥追肥比例增加,双季稻氮肥农学效率及氮肥利用率均逐步提高,同时秸秆促腐菌剂有利于氮肥农学效率及氮肥利用率的提高。从2013年至2016年,早稻氮肥利用率(SFN4:6处理除外)在2014年略微上升,随后持续下降;晚稻氮肥利用率初期呈现下降趋势,后逐渐趋于平缓。(5)晚稻抽穗期至成熟期土壤固定态铵变化率与晚稻产量存在显著的负相关(r=-0.414*);晚稻整个生育期土壤固定态铵总变化量、总变化率均与晚稻氮素积累量存在显著的负相关(r=-0.512*,r=-0.505*),说明固定态铵总下降量、总下降率越大,晚稻氮素积累量越高;晚稻移栽前期至抽穗期,土壤微生物量氮变化量、变化率均与晚稻氮肥利用率呈极显著的负相关(r=-0.655**,1=-0.596**),在晚稻整个生育期,土壤微生物量氮总变化量与晚稻氮肥利用率存在极显著的负相关性(r=-0.539**),说明微生物量氮总下降量越大,晚稻氮肥利用率越高。可见秸秆全量还田条件下土壤固定态铵及微生物量氮对土壤氮素供应具有重要的调节作用。综上所述,在秸秆全量还田条件下,在习惯施肥基础上适量减施氮肥(早稻减施30 kgN/hm2,晚稻减施40kgN/hm2)且氮肥基肥:追肥为4:6时,能够使双季稻产量维持较高水平,并显著提高氮肥利用效率,增施秸秆促腐菌剂能进一步提高产量及氮肥利用率。
[Abstract]:Rice is the most important food crop in the Asian region. In China, the rice planting area is large, the yield of unit area is high, and it is of great significance to guarantee the food security of the country and to meet the demand of population growth. For a long time, the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to stabilize and improve the yield of rice, but in the production of rice, the farmer's blind application of the nitrogen fertilizer is very common, which not only leads to the cost of the plant and the serious waste of the nitrogen fertilizer, And can also cause a series of environmental pollution problems such as the groundwater pollution and the eutrophication of the water body. The reduction of the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the risk of the reduction of rice yield, therefore, the management of nitrogen fertilizer will become an indispensable important measure in the production of rice. in addition, with the increasing crop yield, the output of the straw is continuously increasing, and the annual output of the Chinese straw accounts for about three percent of the total output of the whole world, and the quantity of the straws is so large that the straws have caused great pressure on the environment, The rational utilization of the straw resources has become an environmental problem to be solved. The straws which are rich in the various nutrient elements required for crop growth are returned to the farmland, so that the treatment problem of the straw resources can be solved, the soil fertility can be improved, the fertilizer consumption is reduced, and the income of the farmers is improved. The double-cropping rice is an important way to produce rice in the southern part of China. The yield of the rice straw is large, and the interval between the early rice and the late rice is short, so it is of great significance to develop the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer management strategy to stabilize the yield of the double-season rice and improve the absorption and utilization of the rice to the nitrogen. In this study, based on that long-term location experiment of the whole field of the double-cropping rice field in the red soil, the difference of the yield, the nitrogen absorption of the double-season rice and the soil nutrient in the key growth period of the rice were analyzed by setting different nitrogen fertilizer operation measures (including nitrogen reduction and different base topdressing ratio). The effects of long-term straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on the production and nitrogen use efficiency of double-cropping rice were discussed, with a view to providing further theoretical and technical guidance for improving the soil fertility and improving the efficiency of nitrogen application through reasonable nitrogen fertilizer management. The main results of the study are as follows: (1) Under the condition of continuous 3-4 years of total straw, the content of organic matter and the enzyme activity of the late-rice soil are improved compared with that of the non-nitrogen-control (S); the above-mentioned fertility index in the nitrogen-reducing treatment has a downward trend, but the difference does not reach a significant level. In that application treatment of nitrogen fertilizer, the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the SRN6:4 late rice are basically kept at a high level during the different growth period of the late rice, and the SRN6 is treated by the application of the straw-promoting agent to treat the SRN6: 4M with the same nitrogen fertilizer management but not the application of the microbial agent. And 4, the content of organic matter, effective phosphorus, available potassium and the enzyme activity of the late rice soil are improved. (2) The application of nitrogen fertilizer has a great effect on the nitrogen in different forms of the soil, in which the nitrogen content of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil is basically kept at a high level in the treatment of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the microbial biomass of the soil, The reduction of the nitrogen content of the soil in the soil in 2015 and 2016 and the nitrogen content of the microbial biomass in 2015, but did not significantly reduce the total nitrogen, the exchange capacity and the fixed amount of nitrogen in the late rice in 2016. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, the proper removal of the nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the increase of the nitrogen content, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil, and the effect of different fertilization strategies on the total nitrogen and the exchange capacity of the soil was small. The straw-promoting agent has a certain effect on reducing the nitrate content of the nitrate and improving the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism. In that same time, the soil fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism show a continuous decrease in the growth period of late rice in the year of 2015, and in the nitrogen reduction treatment, the SRN4:6 process the fixed state of the soil, and the decrease of the nitrogen content of the microorganism is the maximum. (3) In the present study, the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer did not result in a significant reduction in the yield of double-cropping rice (except for the treatment of SRN8:2), compared with that of the farmer's habit of applying nitrogen. In that condition of equal application of nitrogen, the increase of the application proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer can improve the yield of the double-season rice, and the application of the straw-promoting agent is also beneficial to the increase of the double-season rice. From 2013 to 2016, the output of early rice decreased in 2014 and then continued to rise; and late rice continued to increase production. (4) Under the condition of this test, the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the double-season rice is increased with the increase of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the use of the straw-promoting agent can improve the nitrogen accumulation of the double-cropping rice, but it has the tendency of reducing the productivity of the nitrogen and the index of the nitrogen harvesting (the difference does not reach a significant level). The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer application and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the double-cropping rice of SRN4:6 and SRN6:4 were higher than that of the conventional fertilization treatment SFN4:6. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, with the increase of the topdressing proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer, the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer of the double-season rice are gradually increased, and the straw-promoting agent is beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer. From 2013 to 2016, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of early rice (except for the treatment with SFN4:6) was slightly increased in 2014, and then continued to fall; the early stage of the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of late rice showed a downward trend, and gradually tended to be gentle. (5) There was a significant negative correlation between the rate of change of soil fixed state and the yield of late rice in late rice (r =-0.414 *), and there was a significant negative correlation with the amount of nitrogen accumulation in late rice (r =-0.512 *, r =-0.505 *). The total decline of the fixed state, the higher the total drop rate, the higher the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the late rice, the significant negative correlation with the nitrogen utilization rate of the late rice (r =-0.655 **,1 =-0.596 **), and the whole growth period of the late rice, There was a significant negative correlation between the total nitrogen variation of soil microbial biomass and the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice (r =-0.539 **), which indicated that the higher the total nitrogen content of the microbial biomass, the higher the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice. It can be seen that the soil fixed state and the microbial biomass nitrogen play an important role in the nitrogen supply of the soil under the condition of the full amount of the straw. To sum up, under the condition of the total field of the straw, a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer (30 kgN/ hm2 for early rice and 40 kgN/ hm2 of late rice) and the base fertilizer of the nitrogen fertilizer are added in a proper amount on the basis of the habit fertilization, the yield of the double-season rice can be maintained at a high level when the top dressing is 4:6, and the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer can be obviously improved, The application of the straw-promoting agent to the straw can further improve the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511.42;S141.4
本文编号：2487362
[Abstract]:Rice is the most important food crop in the Asian region. In China, the rice planting area is large, the yield of unit area is high, and it is of great significance to guarantee the food security of the country and to meet the demand of population growth. For a long time, the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to stabilize and improve the yield of rice, but in the production of rice, the farmer's blind application of the nitrogen fertilizer is very common, which not only leads to the cost of the plant and the serious waste of the nitrogen fertilizer, And can also cause a series of environmental pollution problems such as the groundwater pollution and the eutrophication of the water body. The reduction of the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the risk of the reduction of rice yield, therefore, the management of nitrogen fertilizer will become an indispensable important measure in the production of rice. in addition, with the increasing crop yield, the output of the straw is continuously increasing, and the annual output of the Chinese straw accounts for about three percent of the total output of the whole world, and the quantity of the straws is so large that the straws have caused great pressure on the environment, The rational utilization of the straw resources has become an environmental problem to be solved. The straws which are rich in the various nutrient elements required for crop growth are returned to the farmland, so that the treatment problem of the straw resources can be solved, the soil fertility can be improved, the fertilizer consumption is reduced, and the income of the farmers is improved. The double-cropping rice is an important way to produce rice in the southern part of China. The yield of the rice straw is large, and the interval between the early rice and the late rice is short, so it is of great significance to develop the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer management strategy to stabilize the yield of the double-season rice and improve the absorption and utilization of the rice to the nitrogen. In this study, based on that long-term location experiment of the whole field of the double-cropping rice field in the red soil, the difference of the yield, the nitrogen absorption of the double-season rice and the soil nutrient in the key growth period of the rice were analyzed by setting different nitrogen fertilizer operation measures (including nitrogen reduction and different base topdressing ratio). The effects of long-term straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on the production and nitrogen use efficiency of double-cropping rice were discussed, with a view to providing further theoretical and technical guidance for improving the soil fertility and improving the efficiency of nitrogen application through reasonable nitrogen fertilizer management. The main results of the study are as follows: (1) Under the condition of continuous 3-4 years of total straw, the content of organic matter and the enzyme activity of the late-rice soil are improved compared with that of the non-nitrogen-control (S); the above-mentioned fertility index in the nitrogen-reducing treatment has a downward trend, but the difference does not reach a significant level. In that application treatment of nitrogen fertilizer, the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the soil organic matter, the effective phosphorus, the quick-acting potassium and the yeast enzyme activity of the SRN6:4 late rice are basically kept at a high level during the different growth period of the late rice, and the SRN6 is treated by the application of the straw-promoting agent to treat the SRN6: 4M with the same nitrogen fertilizer management but not the application of the microbial agent. And 4, the content of organic matter, effective phosphorus, available potassium and the enzyme activity of the late rice soil are improved. (2) The application of nitrogen fertilizer has a great effect on the nitrogen in different forms of the soil, in which the nitrogen content of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil is basically kept at a high level in the treatment of the total nitrogen, the nitrate, the fixed state and the microbial biomass of the soil, The reduction of the nitrogen content of the soil in the soil in 2015 and 2016 and the nitrogen content of the microbial biomass in 2015, but did not significantly reduce the total nitrogen, the exchange capacity and the fixed amount of nitrogen in the late rice in 2016. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, the proper removal of the nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the increase of the nitrogen content, the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the soil, and the effect of different fertilization strategies on the total nitrogen and the exchange capacity of the soil was small. The straw-promoting agent has a certain effect on reducing the nitrate content of the nitrate and improving the fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism. In that same time, the soil fixed state and the nitrogen content of the microorganism show a continuous decrease in the growth period of late rice in the year of 2015, and in the nitrogen reduction treatment, the SRN4:6 process the fixed state of the soil, and the decrease of the nitrogen content of the microorganism is the maximum. (3) In the present study, the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer did not result in a significant reduction in the yield of double-cropping rice (except for the treatment of SRN8:2), compared with that of the farmer's habit of applying nitrogen. In that condition of equal application of nitrogen, the increase of the application proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer can improve the yield of the double-season rice, and the application of the straw-promoting agent is also beneficial to the increase of the double-season rice. From 2013 to 2016, the output of early rice decreased in 2014 and then continued to rise; and late rice continued to increase production. (4) Under the condition of this test, the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the double-season rice is increased with the increase of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the use of the straw-promoting agent can improve the nitrogen accumulation of the double-cropping rice, but it has the tendency of reducing the productivity of the nitrogen and the index of the nitrogen harvesting (the difference does not reach a significant level). The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer application and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the double-cropping rice of SRN4:6 and SRN6:4 were higher than that of the conventional fertilization treatment SFN4:6. Under the condition of equal application of nitrogen, with the increase of the topdressing proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer, the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer of the double-season rice are gradually increased, and the straw-promoting agent is beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer. From 2013 to 2016, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of early rice (except for the treatment with SFN4:6) was slightly increased in 2014, and then continued to fall; the early stage of the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of late rice showed a downward trend, and gradually tended to be gentle. (5) There was a significant negative correlation between the rate of change of soil fixed state and the yield of late rice in late rice (r =-0.414 *), and there was a significant negative correlation with the amount of nitrogen accumulation in late rice (r =-0.512 *, r =-0.505 *). The total decline of the fixed state, the higher the total drop rate, the higher the amount of nitrogen accumulation in the late rice, the significant negative correlation with the nitrogen utilization rate of the late rice (r =-0.655 **,1 =-0.596 **), and the whole growth period of the late rice, There was a significant negative correlation between the total nitrogen variation of soil microbial biomass and the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice (r =-0.539 **), which indicated that the higher the total nitrogen content of the microbial biomass, the higher the nitrogen utilization rate of late rice. It can be seen that the soil fixed state and the microbial biomass nitrogen play an important role in the nitrogen supply of the soil under the condition of the full amount of the straw. To sum up, under the condition of the total field of the straw, a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer (30 kgN/ hm2 for early rice and 40 kgN/ hm2 of late rice) and the base fertilizer of the nitrogen fertilizer are added in a proper amount on the basis of the habit fertilization, the yield of the double-season rice can be maintained at a high level when the top dressing is 4:6, and the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer can be obviously improved, The application of the straw-promoting agent to the straw can further improve the yield and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511.42;S141.4
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