黄土塬区农田土壤—植物—大气连续体水量平衡研究
发布时间:2019-06-19 18:05
【摘要】:本研究以黄土高原沟壑区农田生态系统为研究对象,围绕着农田生态系统水量平衡过程,在定点监测的基础上,系统的分析了玉米的冠层截留特征及影响因素,农田蒸散的变化特征及影响因素,果树-农田土地利用方式下农田土壤水分的时空分布特征,同时分析了月尺度上农田生态系统的水量平衡状况,得出的主要结论如下:1.不同雨量级(0.1-4.9 mm,5.0-14.9 mm,15.0-29.9 mm)降雨经玉米冠层再分配后,冠层截留量分别为1.1 mm、2.6 mm、13.0 mm,冠层截留率分别为12.3%、12.1%、15.3%,平均值为13.3%。建立了玉米冠层截留率与叶面积指数和植株株高的回归方程,相关性显著;分别建立了各气象因子与玉米冠层截留量的回归方程,其中降雨历时和水汽压差分别与冠层截留量呈极显著幂函数相关关系;降雨量与冠层截留量呈极显著指数函数相关关系。最后,考虑了所有影响因素,建立了冠层截留量与影响因素的复合关系模型,相关系数R2=0.946。2.降雨对蒸散的影响较为显著,降雨后的日蒸散量较降雨前会有所增加;农田0-100cm土壤含水量变异系数较大,土壤水分变化剧烈,作物根系的集中分布范围在0-80 cm之间,因此0-100 cm土体水分主要参与蒸散过程;晴天蒸散的累积量大于阴天,阴天蒸散开始的时间较晴天晚,阴天条件下的蒸散更易受到气象因子的扰动;不同天气条件下净辐射均为蒸散的主要影响因子,蒸散速率与净辐射变化趋势一致,但在时间上滞后于净辐射;在不同的土壤水分环境条件下,蒸散的过程和强度差异较大,水分胁迫条件下,全天蒸散量水平较低,“蒸散高地”的持续时间较长;而水分相对充足时,全天蒸散水平较高,“蒸散高地”持续时间较短,维持较高的蒸散速率的时间较长。3.农田和果园土壤含水量受降雨影响显著且实时变化规律一致,农田各土层(0-20、20-60、60-100、100-200、200-300 cm)土壤含水量均高于果园,200-300 cm土层最为明显,0-200 cm土壤水分变化剧烈。这是由于不同植被的蒸散和生理需水特征不同,最终导致不同土地利用方式下不同土层土壤含水量的差异性。随着农田土壤水分监测点距离果园土壤水分监测点距离的增加(本研究中果园土壤水分监测点与农田土壤水分监测点的距离分别为2,6,10,14,18 m),土壤含水量逐渐增加,土壤储水量的损失量逐渐减少,干燥化现象逐渐消失。4.2012-2014年的年降雨量均低于多年平均降雨量,降水距平均百分率为-17.7%、-10%和-5%,属于正常年,雨季降雨量占全年降雨量比例均高于多年平均雨季降雨量所占比例。但是根据当地实际情况,降雨分配不均,雨季出现大暴雨情况,因此观测年份降雨量对维持作物正常生长来说偏小;分析观测期的水量平衡状态发现,研究时段内的平衡项均较大,雨季降雨能够使土壤水分得到暂时的补充,但水量平衡状况较差。
[Abstract]:In this study, the farmland ecosystem in gully region of the Loess Plateau was taken as the research object, and around the process of water balance of farmland ecosystem, on the basis of fixed-point monitoring, the characteristics and influencing factors of corn canopy interception, the variation characteristics and influencing factors of farmland evaporation, and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of farmland soil moisture under fruit tree and farmland land use mode were systematically analyzed. At the same time, the water balance of farmland ecosystem on monthly scale is analyzed, and the main conclusions are as follows: 1. After the rainfall of different rainfall orders (0.1 鈮,
本文编号:2502543
[Abstract]:In this study, the farmland ecosystem in gully region of the Loess Plateau was taken as the research object, and around the process of water balance of farmland ecosystem, on the basis of fixed-point monitoring, the characteristics and influencing factors of corn canopy interception, the variation characteristics and influencing factors of farmland evaporation, and the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of farmland soil moisture under fruit tree and farmland land use mode were systematically analyzed. At the same time, the water balance of farmland ecosystem on monthly scale is analyzed, and the main conclusions are as follows: 1. After the rainfall of different rainfall orders (0.1 鈮,
本文编号:2502543
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