设施浅水土表覆盖水稻秸秆的腐解效应及对蔬菜产量、品质的影响

发布时间：2019-07-04 06:07

【摘要】：随着我国设施蔬菜规模化、专业化、集约化的发展,设施连作障碍问题日益突显,严重影响了蔬菜的产量和品质。设施蔬菜水旱轮作新模式能明显缓解土壤盐渍化、降低病虫害基数,对防控连作障碍具有明显效果。秸秆还田改善土壤性质、提高土壤肥力、减少化肥施用量,从而提高作物产量及品质。本试验将设施水旱轮作新模式与作物秸秆还田新技术结合起来,在设施水生蔬菜土表覆盖水稻秸秆,既能利用设施水田高温高湿加速秸秆腐解、又能避免秸秆埋土产生还原性有害物质影响水生蔬菜生长,系统地研究了大棚蔬菜不同季节茬口下水稻秸秆腐解规律、主要土壤性质变化及其对当季蔬菜产量品质的影响,旨在为设施蔬菜生态栽培新模式及其技术提供理论依据。为了探究大棚内不同季节水生蔬菜表土覆盖水稻秸秆的腐解规律及对蔬菜产量、品质和土壤理化性状的影响,采用塑料箱栽培方式,春茬从2015年4月6日开始至2015年7月1日浅水种植蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica FoFsk.);夏茬从2015年7月16日开始至2015年10月3日浅水种植蕹菜;秋冬茬从2015年11月14日开始至2016年3月23日种植豆瓣菜(Naasturtium of ficinaleR.Br.)。结果表明:不同季节大棚内水生蔬菜土表覆盖水稻秸秆后土壤表层溶液电导率均呈先上升后下降最后趋缓的变化趋势,氧化还原电位均呈先下降后上升最后趋缓的变化趋势。土壤表层溶液电导率最大值为夏茬春茬秋冬茬。氧化还原电位最小值为夏茬秋冬茬春茬。经过春季、夏季大棚栽培茬口 3个月的蕹菜种植,水稻秸秆腐解率分别为75.33%,89.11%;经秋冬季大棚栽培茬口 4个月的豆瓣菜种植,水稻秸秆腐解率为69.34%。腐解率为夏茬春茬秋冬茬。春季和夏季秸秆覆盖处理的蕹菜前期产量均较低而后期显著提高,总产量均显著高于对照;秋冬季秸秆覆盖处理的豆瓣菜产量第1茬与对照无差异,第二茬显著高于对照,总产量较对照增加6.00%。秸秆覆盖处理显著降低了蕹菜及豆瓣菜的粗纤维含量,显著提高了春茬蕹菜矿物质含量,可溶性蛋白、Vc、可溶性糖、黄酮、总酚含量均有所上升。不同季节秸秆还田土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均有上升,土壤硝态氮含量均显著下降,土壤速效磷及速效钾含量变化与对照无差异;春茬覆盖水稻秸秆后土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性显著上升,土壤蔗糖酶活性略有上升;夏茬处理土壤蔗糖酶活性显著上升,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性均略有上升但差异不显著。秋冬茬处理土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性显著上升,酸性磷酸酶活性变化差异不显著。综上所述,不同季节大棚内水生蔬菜土表覆盖水稻秸秆腐解率均较高,且可以显著提高蔬菜产量和品质,改良土壤性质。
[Abstract]:With the development of scale, specialization and intensification of facility vegetables in China, the obstacle of facility continuous cropping is becoming more and more prominent, which seriously affects the yield and quality of vegetables. The new mode of flood and drought rotation of protected vegetables can obviously alleviate soil salinization, reduce the base of diseases and insect pests, and has obvious effect on the prevention and control of continuous cropping obstacles. Straw returning to the field can improve soil properties, improve soil fertility and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer applied, so as to improve crop yield and quality. In this experiment, the new mode of flood and drought rotation and the new technology of returning crop straw to the field were combined to cover the soil surface of aquatic vegetables with rice straw, which could not only accelerate the decomposition of straw by using the high temperature and high humidity of the facility paddy field, but also avoid the harmful substances produced by straw soil to affect the growth of aquatic vegetables. The law of rice straw decomposition under different seasons of greenhouse vegetables was systematically studied. The main changes of soil properties and their effects on the yield and quality of vegetables in the current season were in order to provide a theoretical basis for the new ecological cultivation model and techniques of protected vegetables. In order to investigate the decomposition law of rice straw covered with aquatic vegetable topsoil in greenhouse and its effect on vegetable yield, quality and soil physical and chemical properties, water spinach was planted in shallow water from April 6, 2015 to July 1, 2015 in spring stubble from July 16, 2015 to October 3, 2015. From November 14, 2015 to March 23, 2016, (Naasturtium of ficinaleR.Br. was planted in autumn and winter stubble. The results showed that the conductivity of soil surface solution increased at first and then decreased and then slowed down, and the redox potential decreased at first, then increased and finally slowed down after covering the soil surface with rice straw in different seasons. The maximum conductivity of soil surface solution is summer stubble, spring stubble, autumn and winter stubble. The minimum redox potential is summer stubble, autumn stubble, winter stubble and spring stubble. After planting water spinach in spring and summer for 3 months, the decomposition rate of rice straw was 75.33% and 89.11% respectively, and the decomposition rate of rice straw was 6934% after 4 months of greenhouse cultivation in autumn and winter. The decomposition rate is summer stubble, spring stubble, autumn and winter stubble. The early yield of water spinach treated with straw mulching in spring and summer was lower than that of the control, and the total yield was significantly higher than that of the control, but there was no difference between the first stubble and the control in autumn and winter straw mulching treatment, but the second stubble was significantly higher than the control, and the total yield was 6.00% higher than that of the control. Straw mulching significantly decreased the crude fiber content of Ipomoea spinach and Phyllostachys pubescens, and significantly increased the mineral content, soluble protein, Vc, soluble sugar, flavonoids and total phenol content of water spinach in spring stubble. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium content increased, soil nitrate nitrogen content decreased significantly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content did not change compared with control, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased significantly after spring stubble mulching rice straw, soil sucrase activity increased slightly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased significantly in different seasons, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased significantly, soil sucrase activity increased slightly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased significantly, soil available phosphorus and available potassium content did not change compared with control. Soil sucrase activity increased significantly, soil urease and acid phosphatase activities increased slightly, but the difference was not significant. The activities of sucrase and urease increased significantly in autumn and winter stubble treatment, but there was no significant difference in acid phosphatase activity. To sum up, the decomposition rate of rice straw covered with aquatic vegetable soil surface in different seasons was higher, and the yield and quality of vegetables could be significantly improved and the soil properties could be improved.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S141.4;S626

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