基于GIS的应急避难场所选址与布局研究

发布时间：2018-02-04 15:38

本文关键词： GIS 应急避难场所选址规划布局　出处：《中国海洋大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近年来，全球地震活动频繁发生，给世界人民的生命和财产带来了很大的损失。而我国作为一个地震多发国之一，有45%的城市地震烈度大于等于7度，这使得地震成为威胁我国城市安全、造成重大损失的首要灾害。目前我国正处于城市现代化加速的过程中，城市面积和数量不断增加，人口密度不断增大，但城市的整体防震减灾能力及防震减灾系统的建设远远落后于城市现代化的速度，如果发生地震，会给城市造成莫大的损失。所以，如何提高城市抗震减灾能力，保障城市居民生命和财产成为亟需解决的问题。为了减轻地震灾害带来的影响和损失，各个国家或地区都对城市抗震能力，抗震措施和应对策略进行了研究。应急避难场所作为城市抗震减灾的一个重要组成部分，越来越多的领域专家和部门领导意识到其规划建设的重要性，这已成为我国城市防灾减灾的一项紧迫任务。城市抗震应急避难场所是为应对城市突发灾害而建造的，向居民提供安全避难、基本生活保障及救援、指挥的场所。现在国内外已经建立了大量的应急避难场所，主要包括城市绿地、公园、学校操场和体育场馆等地，通过对这些场所进行改造，使其在平时具有改善生态环境和美化城市容貌的功能，，灾时则发挥避难功能，这对提高城市抗震能力、完善城市减灾系统和保护人民生命财产发挥着重大作用。目前我国一般将应急避难场所分为三类：紧急避难场所、固定避难场所和中心避难场所。这三类场所分别承担着不同的避难功能，对于提高城市防灾减灾能力，保障居民生命财产发挥着重要的作用。本文以GIS软件为平台，对抗震应急避难场所的选址和布局问题进行了研究。首先分析了应急避难场所的定义分类和功能，确定不同类型的应急避难场所在城市中的地位和作用，总结了现有的应急避难场所研究的理论方法及各个国家地区关于应急避难场所的规范设计、建设规划经验；其次对应急避难场所的选址和布局问题进行了理论研究，根据设计规范的规定确定了选址影响因素，建立了选址评价指标体系，确定评价方法和评价流程。通过对应急避难场所进行筛选，选择满足条件的场所，使其在灾时发挥应有功能，保证人民生命财产安全。应急避难场所的规模和布局方面，本文参照国内外应急避难场所规模确定经验，确定了规模估算方法，为确定城市避难场所规模大小提供依据。并结合城市类型及内部条件，阐述了责任区划分和布局方法。最后以济南市主城区为例进行了实例分析，做出了济南市主城区应急避难场所责任区划图，说明研究理论和方法的可行性，为我国应急避难场所规划建设提供一定的参考。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the global seismicity occurs frequently, which brings great loss to the lives and property of the people all over the world. However, as one of the earthquake-prone countries, 45% of the cities in China have earthquake intensity greater than 7 degrees. This makes the earthquake a major disaster that threatens the safety of our cities and causes great losses. At present, our country is in the process of accelerating the urban modernization. The urban area and quantity are increasing, and the population density is increasing. However, the overall ability of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction and the construction of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction system lag far behind the speed of urban modernization. If an earthquake occurs, it will cause great losses to the city. How to improve the ability of urban earthquake resistance and disaster reduction and ensure the life and property of urban residents becomes an urgent problem. In order to reduce the impact and loss caused by earthquake disasters, every country or region has the ability to resist earthquake. As an important part of urban seismic disaster reduction, more and more experts and department leaders are aware of the importance of its planning and construction. This has become an urgent task for urban disaster prevention and mitigation in China. The urban seismic emergency shelter is built to deal with sudden urban disasters, providing residents with safe shelter, basic living security and rescue. Command sites. Now at home and abroad has established a large number of emergency shelters, mainly including urban green space, parks, school playground and sports venues and other places, through the transformation of these places. It has the function of improving the ecological environment and beautifying the appearance of the city in peacetime, and exerting the function of taking refuge when the disaster occurs, which will improve the seismic capacity of the city. Improving urban disaster reduction system and protecting people's life and property play an important role. At present, emergency shelters are generally divided into three categories: emergency shelters. These three types of places have different functions of refuge, which play an important role in improving the ability of urban disaster prevention and mitigation and protecting residents' life and property. Based on GIS software, this paper studies the location and layout of seismic emergency shelter. Firstly, the definition, classification and function of emergency shelter are analyzed. To determine the status and role of different types of emergency shelter in the city, summed up the existing emergency shelter research theoretical methods and the various countries and regions on the design of emergency shelter norms. Experience in construction planning; Secondly, the location and layout of emergency shelter is studied theoretically. According to the design specifications, the influencing factors of site selection are determined, and the evaluation index system of site selection is established. Determine the evaluation method and evaluation process. Through the screening of emergency shelter, select the place to meet the conditions, so that it can play its due function in the disaster. In order to ensure the safety of people's life and property and the scale and layout of emergency shelter, this paper determines the method of scale estimation according to the experience of determining the scale of emergency shelter at home and abroad. In order to provide the basis for determining the size of the urban refuge site, and combined with the types of cities and internal conditions, this paper expounds the division and layout of the responsibility area. Finally, taking Jinan City as an example, the paper makes an example analysis. This paper makes a map of the responsibility of emergency shelter in Jinan city, explains the feasibility of the research theory and method, and provides a certain reference for the planning and construction of emergency shelter in our country.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P208;TU984.116

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