公共建筑空间组合模式对疏散效率贡献度差异研究

发布时间：2018-07-06 20:19

本文选题：公共建筑空间 + 组合模式　；参考：《武汉大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：快速的城市化进程和经济发展中,人们面临了越来越多的不确定安全因素,直接关系到亿万个家庭的幸福安宁和社会稳定。这就对建筑学科的要求相对较高,除了建筑本身的美观、实用、文化底蕴承载方式,还有建筑中空间与人流的科学规划和引导,其中公共建筑发挥着非常重要的经济社会作用,不安全因素对公共建筑的社会影响较大,因此对公共建筑的疏散应急要求也非常高。城市化快速发展也大大改变了公共建筑和城市形态。如何提高这些快速发展的建筑空间的功能布局科学性一直以来都是建筑学所关注的核心间题,但是面对越来越多的不确定安全因素,人们越来越重视公共建筑的疏散效率。公共建筑的疏散效率则与空间建筑的空间布局有密切的关系,需要达到功能组合使用和疏散需求之间的协调统一,形成科学合理的公共建筑空间组合分析理论与方法,这也就构成了建筑学研究领域的一个非常重要、急迫的研究间题。现代科学技术的快速发展,给建筑学科也带来了巨大的机遇和挑战。比如：今天的建筑设计师需要面临人类活动导致的环境快速变化,传统的设计方法缺乏科学的分析数据支撑,无法快速跟上这些步伐,亟需在建筑设计完成之前,用一些积极的、科学的、有效的方法来探究建筑设计之后的运行效果。本文面向新形势下公共建筑空间中人员安全的现实需求,本文立足于多学科交叉角度,综合建筑学设计理论与方法、计算机模拟、地理学时空理论等科学领域的研究成果,针对公共建筑空间组合模式,开展疏散效率贡献差异的研究。本文以此为一个重要研究契合点,向公共建筑的数字化设计与自动化评估发展趋势和方向进行一个初步的积极探索和努力。本文的主要研究工作和成果包括： (1)研究了公共建筑空间的精细化疏散评价指标。在充分分析公共建筑空间设计、公共建筑疏散这两方面国内研究现状的基础上,比较了公共建筑的空间要素和疏散要素、多种组合模式空间特点,提炼了这些模式空间特点给人员疏散带来的可能影响；系统化地分析公共建筑疏散效率评价指标,包括：疏散时间、疏散距离、疏散时空利用率等,并依此为基础,从被疏散个体的疏散时空路径集合的角度,提出新的支持人员自由超越的公共建筑空间疏散时空利用率这一疏散评价指标,可以统一对通道、房间和空间组合等进行疏散效率评价；并构建了从疏散时空路径到疏散效率精细化评价指标的自动化计算思路与方法。 (2)研究了基于时空轨迹的公共建筑空间组合的疏散模拟评估方法。本文基于被疏散个体的时空可达势能理论思路,定义了三维元胞自动机疏散模拟模型规则,提出了公共建筑空间疏散效率的三维元胞自动机疏散模拟模型、框架、算法,可以方便实现公共建筑空间的疏散过程进行模拟；并在此基础上,建立了被疏散个体时空轨迹集合与疏散效率评价指标的映射方法,最终提出了基于被疏散个体时空轨迹集合的公共建筑空间疏散效率自动化评估方法。 (3)研究了公共建筑空间组合模式对疏散效率的贡献度量方法。本文针对公共建筑设计中对空间组合模式的数值化分析需求,提出公共建筑空间的组合层次结构图概念,用于表达公共建筑空间组合模式的层次间隶属关系以及相互关联关系。然后,基于所提出的公共建筑空间组合层次结构图概念,建立了被疏散个体时空轨迹与公共建筑空间组合层次结构图的映射匹配机制,提出了公共建筑空间组合模式的疏散效率贡献度、疏散效率贡献主路径以及疏散效率贡献均衡等概念或指标,可直接用于刻画公共建筑空间组合模式对疏散效率的贡献作用,为公共建筑空间组合模式在疏散效率方面的对比分析提供计算依据。形成面向公共建筑空间组合模式的疏散效率贡献差异的新定量化评估方法。 (4)结合单一空间组合模式、一般简单建筑设计方案、国际竞标大型建筑设计方案等三个层次的试验例子,对所提出的模型、方法进行了实验与分析。本文具体研发了公共建筑空间疏散效率分析实验原型系统,可以实现公共建筑空间的自动导入,公共建筑空间内被疏散个体的疏散过程模拟,从而导出所有被疏散个体的疏散时空路径集合、以及各通道、房间对应的所提出疏散评估指标值,为空间组合模式的对比分析提供实验数据。然后,结合模拟出来的公共建筑空间内被疏散个体的疏散时空路径集合以及所提出疏散评估指标值,分别对单一空间组合模式、一般简单建筑设计方案、国际竞标大型建筑设计方案等,分析这些实验案例的疏散效率、疏散效率贡献度、疏散效率贡献主路径及其均衡指标等,证实了所提出概念与方法的正确性和合理性。本文的研究成果能够为新安全形势下的公共建筑空间人员疏散提供模拟与分析方法,为公共建筑空间组合模式的设计提供定量化的分析对比数据支撑,为建筑学研究中的空间组合布局理论与规则提供科学分析方法依据；为建筑设计师们的公共建筑空间设计提供实用的疏散效率分析技术手段,提高建筑理论与方法在疏散方面的适应能力和满足能力,进而最终促进公共建筑空间组合模式设计的科学化发展。
[Abstract]:In the process of rapid urbanization and economic development, people are facing more and more uncertain security factors, which are directly related to the happiness and stability and social stability of hundreds of millions of families. This is a relatively high requirement for the architecture discipline, in addition to the aesthetic, practical, cultural background carrying ways of the architecture itself, and the science of space and human flow in the architecture. Planning and guidance, among which public buildings play a very important economic and social role, unsafe factors have great influence on public buildings, so the emergency requirements for public buildings are also very high. The rapid development of urbanization has also greatly changed the public buildings and urban forms. How to improve the rapid development of the building space The scientific feature of functional layout has always been the core question of architecture. But in the face of more and more uncertain security factors, people pay more and more attention to the evacuation efficiency of public buildings. The evacuation efficiency of public buildings is closely related to the spatial layout of space buildings, and needs to be achieved in functional combination and evacuation needs. To form a scientific and rational theory and method for the analysis of space combination of public buildings, which is a very important and urgent research topic in the field of architecture.
The rapid development of modern science and technology has brought great opportunities and challenges to the architecture discipline. For example, today's architects need to face the rapid changes in the environment caused by human activities. The traditional design method is short of scientific analysis data support and can not keep up with these steps quickly. It is urgent to use one before the completion of the architectural design. Some positive, scientific and effective methods to explore the operation effect after the architectural design. This article is oriented to the practical needs of the personnel safety in the public building space under the new situation. This article is based on the multidisciplinary cross angle, the comprehensive architecture design theory and method, the computer simulation, the geography and the space-time theory and other scientific fields. The research on the difference in the contribution of evacuation efficiency to the space combination pattern of public buildings is an important research point, and a preliminary active exploration and effort are made to the development trend and direction of the digital design and automation evaluation of public buildings.
The main research work and achievements of this paper include:
(1) the evaluation index of the fine evacuation of public building space is studied. On the basis of the analysis of the two aspects of public architecture space design and public building evacuation, the spatial features and evacuation factors of public buildings are compared and the spatial characteristics of various combination modes are compared, and the spatial characteristics of these models are refined to bring the evacuation to the people. A systematic analysis of the evacuation efficiency evaluation indexes of public buildings, including evacuation time, evacuation distance and evacuation time utilization, is systematically analyzed, and based on this, from the point of view of the evacuation time and space path set of evacuees, the evacuation time utilization rate of new public building space evacuation is proposed. The evaluation index can be used to evaluate the evacuation efficiency of the channel, the room and the space combination, and the idea and method of the automatic calculation from the evacuation time and space path to the precision evaluation of the evacuation efficiency are also constructed.
(2) the evacuation simulation evaluation method for space combination of public buildings based on space-time trajectory is studied. Based on the time and space reachable potential energy theory of evacuated individuals, this paper defines the rule of three-dimensional cellular automata evacuation simulation model, and puts forward a three dimensional cellular automaton evacuation simulation model, framework and algorithm for space evacuation efficiency of public buildings. The evacuation process of public building space can be conveniently simulated, and on this basis, the mapping method of the set of space-time trajectory set and evaluation index of evacuation efficiency is set up. Finally, an automatic evaluation method for space evacuation efficiency of public buildings based on the set of space-time trajectories of the evacuated individuals is proposed.
(3) the method of measuring the contribution of space combination mode to evacuation efficiency is studied. In this paper, in view of the numerical analysis requirement of space combination pattern in public architecture design, the concept of composite hierarchy structure of public building space is put forward to express the subordinate relationship and interrelation between the spatial composition patterns of public buildings. Then, based on the proposed concept of the spatial structure of public buildings, the mapping and matching mechanism of the space-time trajectories of the evacuated individuals and the spatial structure of the public buildings is established. The contribution of the evacuation efficiency, the contribution of the dispersion efficiency and the contribution balance of the evacuation efficiency are put forward. The concept or index can be used to describe the contribution of the spatial combination pattern of public buildings to the evacuation efficiency, and provide the basis for the comparison and analysis of the evacuation efficiency in the space combination mode of public buildings.
(4) combining the single space combination mode, the general simple building design scheme, the international bidding large building design scheme, the experiment and analysis of the proposed model and method are carried out. The experimental prototype system of the spatial evacuation efficiency analysis of public buildings is developed in this paper, which can realize the space of the public building. The evacuation process of the evacuated individuals in the public building space is simulated, and the evacuation time and space path sets of all evacuated individuals are derived, as well as the corresponding evacuation evaluation index values of the various channels. The experimental data are provided for the comparison and analysis of the spatial combination model. Then, the simulated public building space is combined with the simulated data. The evacuation time and space path set of evacuate individual and the value of evacuation evaluation index are presented, respectively, for single space combination mode, general simple building design scheme, international bidding large building design scheme, etc., and analyze the evacuation efficiency, evacuation efficiency contribution degree, evacuation efficiency contribution main path and equilibrium index of these experimental cases, and so on. The correctness and rationality of the proposed concepts and methods are presented.
The research results of this paper can provide the simulation and analysis method for the evacuation of public buildings in the new security situation, provide quantitative analysis and contrast data support for the design of the spatial combination pattern of public buildings, provide the scientific analysis method for the space combination layout theory and rules in the architecture research, and design the architectural design for the architecture. The public building space design of the teachers provides practical methods to analyze the efficiency of evacuation, and improves the adaptability and satisfaction of the building theory and method in the evacuation, and finally promotes the scientific development of the design of the spatial combination pattern of the public buildings.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TU242

【参考文献】