长江上游鱼类保护区生态环境需水研究

发布时间：2018-03-14 22:22

  本文选题：河流生态环境需水　切入点：长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区　出处：《清华大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：生态环境需水研究,对筑坝河流的生态调度具有重要指引作用,是河流生态保护及自然水文情势恢复实践的重要依据。长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区正面临上游梯级水电开发的威胁,开展针对该保护区生态环境流量需求研究,不仅能够完善我国大型河流生态环境需水研究的理论和方法,还能够为流域水能资源开发提供决策支持。本文基于保护区鱼类关键繁殖时期及不同河段水文过程分析结果,从河流不同河段生态基流、不同产卵特性鱼类繁殖期需水、水环境要素溶解氧调控三个角度,对保护区的生态环境流量综合需求过程进行了系统探究,并制定了针对保护区干流上游溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库调控的下泄流量范围及过程。主要研究结论如下:基于保护区内鱼类的相关生物特性资料,总结归纳出保护区内鱼类关键繁殖时期为3-8月。以保护区不同干支流河流水文变化情势为依据,结合鱼类繁殖关键时期,基于河流的纵向及横向连通性理论对水文学法进行改进,计算得到保护区干流上游、支流岷江、以及干流下游的生态基流年径流量分别为843.7×108m3、523.1×108m3、1605.3×108m3,占多年平均径流量的58.6%、61.8%、60.2%。在此基础上,确定了保护区上游梯级水库调控的年内最小下泄流量过程,该过程年径流量为890.0×108m3,占多年平均径流量的61.8%。从产漂流性卵和粘沉性卵鱼类的角度分别识别了影响鱼类繁殖的关键控制要素。甄选出了影响产漂流性卵代表鱼类四大家鱼产卵的关键控制要素为水温状态、起始流量与日均涨水率。通过产卵场与非产卵场的对比发现产粘沉性卵代表鱼类白鲟、达氏鲟、胭脂鱼对水文水动力特征条件有明显的选择性。通过鱼类繁殖这一关键生物过程对水文过程的响应关系,确定了保护区内不同鱼类产卵场的适宜生态环境需水过程,并提出了基于鱼类繁殖需求的上游梯级水库调控适宜需水过程。为了避免保护区鱼类因水库下泄引起溶解氧过饱和致死的情况发生,基于保护区干流上游溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库运行后保护区溶解氧浓度的实测资料,建立了向家坝坝下溶解氧饱和度与河道水温、向家坝水库发电流量占总下泄流量比例之间的关系,确定了基于上游梯级水库调控的6月至11月总下泄流量上限阈值过程。
[Abstract]:Research on water requirement of ecological environment, has an important guiding role in the ecological scheduling of damming rivers, is an important basis for the practice of river ecological protection and restoration of natural hydrological regimes. Facing the threat of upstream cascade hydropower development areas in the upper Yangtze River rare fish National Nature Reserve, to carry out the research for the protection of ecological environment traffic demand, theory and method not only can improve the ecological environment of China's large river water requirement study, also can provide decision support for the development of basin water resources. The reserve of fish breeding key period and the different river hydrological process based on the analysis results from different sections of river ecological base flow, water requirement of different laying characteristics of fish breeding, three aspects of water environmental factors dissolved oxygen control, comprehensive ecological environmental protection area of traffic demand process of system research, and established a protection zone of stem flow The discharge process of travel range and Xiluodu - Xiangjiaba cascade reservoir regulation. The main conclusions are as follows: the related biological characteristics of data protection area based on fish, summed up the key protection area of fish breeding period was 3-8 months. In order to protect the area of different river water flow changes the heavenly stems and earthly branches form as the basis, combined with the fish breeding key during the period, based on the longitudinal and lateral connectivity of river hydrology method theory improvement, calculated protection area in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, tributaries, and downstream of the river ecological base annual runoff were 843.7 * 108m3523.1 * 108m31605.3 * 108m3, accounting for annual average runoff of 58.6%, 61.8%, 60.2%. on the basis of this, the process of minimum discharge traffic protection area of upper reaches of cascade reservoir regulation in the process of determining, the annual runoff is 890 * 108m3, accounting for 61.8%. of annual average runoff from pelagic eggs and sticky sink Fish eggs are identified. The effects of key fish reproduction control elements. The selection of the key elements of control effects of pelagic eggs on behalf of fish four fish spawning for water temperature, flow rate and initial daily water. By comparing the spawning and non spawning grounds found producing sticky demersal eggs on behalf of fish eggs. Chinese sturgeon, mullet has obvious selectivity for the dynamic characteristics of hydrology and water conditions. The response relationship between the key biological processes on the hydrological process by fish breeding, suitable for water demand of ecological environment protection process of different fishes spawning area were determined, and put forward the fish breeding demand for cascade reservoirs in the upstream regulation of appropriate water demand process based on the natural reserve. In order to avoid the occurrence of supersaturation of dissolved oxygen to death caused by reservoir water conservation area in the upper reaches of Xiluodu - Xiangjiaba cascade reservoir operation protection based on The measured data of dissolved oxygen concentration, established to dam dissolved oxygen saturation and water temperature of river, to the relationship between the Ba reservoir power flow total discharge ratio, determined from June to November the total discharge of the upper threshold process of upstream cascade reservoirs based on the control.

【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TV213.4
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本文编号：1613202