材料生命周期评价的水资源耗竭（火用）表征模型研究及其应用

发布时间：2018-03-15 21:46

本文选题：生命周期评价　切入点：（火用）　出处：《北京工业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：材料作为社会文明进步的标志,推动着人类社会经济的发展同时,又是资源、能源消耗和污染排放大户,随着资源短缺和环境问题的日益严峻,材料与环境如何协调发展越来越受到人们的重视。在该领域,生命周期评价方法作为目前国际上主流的环境负荷量化工具已被广泛认可,得到了快速的发展和应用。在目前的生命周期评价方法研究中,水资源的耗竭问题是热点研究课题之一,具体到我国的现状,水资源已经成为制约我国社会经济可持续发展的重要环境问题,李克强总理在2016年政府工作报告中强调了降低国内生产总产值水耗的意义,节水已成为中国十三五年期间环境保护的首要任务。但是由于生命周期评价中相应方法学的不完善,水资源使用的耗竭评价没有得到相应的发展和应用。论文以水资源使用的耗竭评价模型为核心开展研究,分析了目前国际上各种对水资源使用影响评价的方法。在生命周期评价方法的技术框架下,将更适合于资源耗竭问题表征的热力学函数（火用）(Exergy)引入到材料生命周期的水资源耗竭评价中,把蒸发、固化和混溶三种不同物理意义的水资源耗竭方式与（火用）的本质相结合,建立了适用于材料生产的水资源使用耗竭（火用）表征模型,用以量化材料产品生命周期中的水资源耗竭潜力,发展丰富了材料领域的生命周期评价方法学,形成了水、矿产、能源和土地等资源耗竭潜力单一化的（火用）表征指标。在评价模型研究的基础上,论文通过混合清单模型和数据收集计算了我国单位基础能源生产的水资源耗竭指数,得到煤炭、石油、天然气和电力生产的水资源耗竭指数分别为6.48E-01 MJ/kg、6.24E-01 MJ/kg、5.81E-01 MJ/m3和1.57E+01MJ/kWh;同时,以海水一类水作为基准物环境,地表三类水作为参考标准水质,计算了包括钢铁、铝工业、铁合金、煤炭工业、铁矿采选业、铅锌工业、铜镍钴工业、镁钛工业和稀土工业九类废水排放量较大行业的单位废水水资源耗竭指数,为进一步分析材料产品生产由于废水排放产生的水资源耗竭潜力提供数据支持。最后,论文将水资源耗竭表征模型与基础清单的相关研究成果,应用于钢铁产品和钢渣沥青混凝土道路的生命周期评价中,量化这两类典型材料的水资源耗竭潜力,并对比分析水资源对产品资源耗竭的影响。对于钢铁,基于调研和数据分析,计算得到钢的水资源耗竭潜力为5.89GJ/t,其中上游流程的水资源耗竭潜力为4.56GJ/t,生产流程的水资源耗竭潜力为1.33GJ/t,即直接消耗约占钢铁生产水资源耗竭的22.65%。在钢铁生产的所有资源耗竭中,能源、水资源和矿物质分别为71.42%、22.49%和3.18%,所以从热力学（火用）的角度看,水资源对钢铁生产的重要性甚至要超矿物资源。以铁元素分配得到的清单为基准,钢渣资源化利用下的钢铁产品的资源耗竭潜力大小依次为粗钢、钢渣和矿渣。矿渣和钢渣利用率分别为82%和30%时,粗钢的资源效率比废渣未被利用时提高0.67%,当矿渣不变钢渣利用率达到100%,实现“零排放”时,粗钢的资源效率提高2%,通过估算,全国每年减少新鲜水消耗0.57亿立方米,外排废水0.15亿立方米,铁矿石原矿消耗3044万吨,能源消耗92.18亿千克标煤。对于钢渣沥青混凝土道路,从钢渣集料生产和工艺改进到整个混凝土道路的建设,通过详细的调研和现场数据采集,编制了钢渣沥青混凝土道路建设的生命周期清单。研究结果表明:(1)钢渣沥青混凝土道路的水资源耗竭潜力为729.2482GJ,上游水和流程水分别为56.47%和43.53%;(2)钢渣作为资源输入时,道路整体的资源耗竭潜力达到5.26E+04GJ,是原来的1.74倍,其中水资源耗竭潜力的贡献比例由原来的2.41%增长为8.90%;(3)把钢渣作为废弃物不考虑其上游环境负荷时,三种原材料不同的混凝土道路的资源耗竭潜力由大到小依次为:天然石料沥青混凝土道路、钢渣沥青混凝土道路、水泥混凝土道路,其中水资源耗竭潜力最大的是水泥混凝土道路,钢渣沥青混凝土道路的资源效率相比天然石料沥青混凝土道路上升5%左右。同时,建设每功能单位的钢渣沥青混凝土道路可以节约201GJ由于钢渣自身堆积而消耗的土地资源。本论文的研究成果用于指导量化材料流程的水资源耗竭潜力,为提高材料产品的资源综合利用效率提供科学依据。
[Abstract]:As a symbol of social civilization and progress, promote the development of human society and economy, but also the resources, energy consumption and pollution emissions, with the shortage of resources and the increasingly serious environmental problems, how to coordinate the development of material and environment has attracted more and more attention. In the field of life cycle assessment method as the quantitative environmental load the international mainstream tools have been widely recognized, has been rapid development. In the current research of life cycle assessment, depletion of water resources was one of the hot research topic, specific to the current situation of our country, water resource has become an important environmental problem that restricts the sustainable development of social economy in our country, in 2016 government work report, Premier Li Keqiang stressed that the lower the total production output value of the water consumption of domestic water-saving significance, has become China during 13th Five-Year's first environmental protection To the task. But due to the corresponding method of life cycle assessment in the study is not perfect, the depletion of the evaluation of water resources use have not been the development and application of the evaluation of water resources depletion. In order to use the model as the core to carry out research, analyses the various methods used to influence on water resources in the life cycle of technology evaluation. The framework of evaluation method, the thermodynamic function will be more suitable for characterization of resource depletion problems (exergy) (Exergy) is introduced into the water resources evaluation of material life cycle, the evaporation, curing and mixing three different physical meaning of water resource depletion and (exergy) combination of nature, is established suitable for material production to use water resources depletion (exergy) characterization model, to quantify the material in the product life cycle of water resource depletion potential development, enrich the life cycle assessment method in the field of materials science, The formation of water, mineral, energy and land resource depletion potential (exergy) of the single index. Based on the study of the evaluation model, the calculation of the basic energy of China's water resource depletion index unit production by mixed inventory model and data collection, from coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity production water resource depletion index were 6.48E-01 MJ/kg, 6.24E-01 MJ/kg, 5.81E-01 MJ/m3 and 1.57E+01MJ/kWh; at the same time, a kind of water to water as a reference material, three kinds of surface water as the reference standard of water quality, including steel, iron alloy, aluminum industry, coal industry, iron ore mining industry, lead and zinc industry, copper nickel cobalt industry magnesium, titanium industry and nine kinds of rare earth industry wastewater is large industry unit waste water resource depletion index for wastewater discharge due to water resource depletion potential provides a number of further analysis of material production According to the support. Finally, the related research results of water resources depletion characterization model and basic list, the application of LCA in iron and steel products and steel slag asphalt concrete road, quantify the two typical materials of water resource depletion potential, and to analyze the influence of water resources on product resource depletion contrast. For the iron and steel, investigation and analysis and based on the data, the calculated steel water resource depletion potential is 5.89GJ/t, the upstream flow of water resource depletion potential is 4.56GJ/t, the production process of the water resource depletion potential 1.33GJ/t, namely direct consumption accounts for water resource depletion of iron and steel production 22.65%. in all resource depletion of iron and steel production, energy, water and mineral resources. As of 71.42%, 22.49% and 3.18%, so from the point of view of thermodynamics (exergy), the importance of water resources on the production of iron and steel and even super mineral resources. By using iron distribution The list as a benchmark, the size of steel slag products resource depletion potential resource utilization under the order of crude steel, slag and steel slag. The slag and steel slag utilization rate were 82% and 30%, 0.67% increase in crude steel slag resources efficiency ratio is not being used, when the same slag steel slag utilization rate reached 100%, the realization of "zero emissions, crude steel resource efficiency increased by 2%, by estimating the country every year, reducing fresh water consumption of 57 million cubic meters, 15 million cubic meters of waste water, 30 million 440 thousand tons of iron ore consumption, energy consumption of 9 billion 218 million kilograms of standard coal for the steel slag asphalt concrete road from slag aggregate production and process improvement to the concrete construction the road, through the detailed investigation and field data collection, compilation of life cycle inventory of steel slag asphalt concrete road construction. The results show that: (1) the steel slag asphalt concrete road water resources consumption Depletion potential 729.2482GJ, upstream water and process water were 56.47% and 43.53%; (2) the steel slag as a resource input, the overall resource depletion potential road to reach 5.26E+04GJ, is 1.74 times the original, in which water resource depletion potential contribution ratio from the original 2.41% to 8.90% growth; (3) the steel slag as wastes consider the upstream environmental load, concrete road three raw materials of different resource depletion potential in descending order: natural stone asphalt concrete road, steel slag asphalt concrete pavement, cement concrete road, the water resource depletion potential is the largest cement concrete road, steel slag asphalt concrete road resource efficiency compared to natural stone asphalt the concrete road increased by about 5%. At the same time, the steel slag asphalt concrete road construction each functional unit can save 201GJ and consumption due to slag self stacking land resources. The research results in this paper are used to guide the potential of water resource depletion in quantifying material flow and provide scientific basis for improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of materials and products.

【学位授予单位】：北京工业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TV213;TF085

【参考文献】