水库滑坡涌浪灾害水波动力学分析方法研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 17:12

本文选题：滑坡涌浪 + 水波动力学　；参考：《中国地质大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：论文首先从水波动力学分析涌浪的原理入手,然后构建了基于水波动力学的计算模型。全文以龚家方崩塌形成的涌浪为例。对龚家方崩塌的工程地质条件和涌浪初始条件进行了详细野外调查和测绘,分析了龚家方的变形和失稳模式。利用水波动力学计算模型,数值模拟了23km长,10.4km宽的计算域内涌浪全过程。利用物理试验细观结果对龚数值模拟涌浪的波浪作用机理进行了一致性分析。利用野外调查资料和公式法计算结果校核了数值模拟数值结果的准确性,提出了基于波浪全过程的公式体系计算方法。最后,对本文提出的水波动力学模型进行了展望。在上述工作中,本文进行了三个创新点方面的研究： (1)引入水波动力学模拟滑坡涌浪的计算原理,利用水波动力学方程,编制了水库滑坡涌浪预测软件,初步建立了基于水波动力学的水库滑坡涌浪分析方法。 (2)提出物理模拟碎裂岩体崩塌造成涌浪的试验方法,并利用物理相似试验和水波动力学数值模拟方法,研究了涌浪的形成、传播和爬高作用过程。 (3)基于涌浪作用过程的理解,集成已有的理论公式、经验公式和试验公式,建立了计算公式体系,用于快速估算河道各点最大浪高、最大传播浪高、最大爬高问题。同时,得到了以下10个方面的结论与进展： 1、引入了水波动力学方程,并结合GIS技术开发形成了水波动力学计算模型FAST (Fast assessment system for tsunamis generated by geo-hazard)软件。该软件由前处理模块、涌浪计算模块和后处理模块组成,改进和增强了源程序的功能,具有易入手、易操作、高效率和可视化等特点。应用FAST软件可展示典型水质点、河道任意线和河面等形式的涌浪历史过程。 2、对应用案例—三峡库区龚家方岩质斜坡进行了重点研究。因地层岩性的变化,斜坡下部为稍软的薄层T1d3组泥灰岩层,中部有T1d4组厚层白云质灰岩。龚家方斜坡内部发育十多条大型结构面,2组优势结构面和层面相互交切形成碎裂岩体。调查表明,崩塌堆积物的中值块度为25cm。在龚家方及附近斜坡调查的基础上,认为龚家方斜坡前期存在V形倾倒变形、层间剪切和坡脚塌岸及劣化现象。龚家方是一典型的逆向倾倒变形岩质斜坡,它的失稳模式为倾倒式。变形体的上部为基本稳定段,中部为倾倒段,下部为滑动或压裂破坏段。斜坡体的稳定性主要受下部抗力区域控制。当下部岩体被破坏后,整体随即发生结构性失稳。 3、对龚家方崩塌涌浪的初始条件进行了研究。龚家方崩塌体为碎裂结构,以松散体形式入水,总方量约38×104m3。龚家方崩塌体涉水长度占总崩塌体长度的11.5%,该斜坡段江水深度约140m左右,河道类型为V形峡谷水库。 4、利用水波动力学模型FAST软件对2008年11月23目龚家方崩塌事件进行数值模拟研究,定量分析了河道内的涌浪发展情况,划分了涌浪风险预警区域。 5、对龚家方崩塌涌浪全过程影像资料进行简单物理运动分析表明,龚家方崩塌体入水速度约为12m/s,龚家方涌浪的最大高度约31.8m,波速约12-18m/s。涌浪在对岸的最大爬高为12m,传递至上游4.5km的巫山新城码头附近的爬高仍有1-2m。利用水波动力学分析结果与调查值进行了简单的数值校核对比,与野外爬高值具有较好的吻合性。 6、按照1：200比例尺,依据重力相似准则,建立了一个长24m,宽8m,高1.3m的物理实体模型,以模拟4.8km河道内的涌浪形情况。龚家方崩塌体采用Dso为1.47mm的大理石粗砂,模拟崩塌体形状为等腰梯形。模拟河道为平静河面,没有自然流速。采用6支波高仪记录滑动方向上涌浪过程,9支波高仪记录河道上传播浪过程,15个爬高监测带测量最大爬高,2台高速摄像机分别拍摄涌浪形成过程和对岸爬高过程。物理试验复演了172.8m水位时龚家方崩塌涌浪,得到最大涌浪高度为17.4m,将试验数据与调查数据对比,相关系数为0.949,平均相差不到10%,证实了该物理模型试验的有效性,可以用于研究龚家方涌浪相关规律。 7、145m、156m、172.8m及175m的龚家方系列涌浪试验显示,涌浪产生时有两列较大的波,两列波的叠加、传播、反射波的叠加等现象均被波高仪所记录,展示了涌浪传播过程中波的相互作用过程。试验数据精细地刻画了河道内涌浪传播衰减率的差异性。在涌浪产生区衰减最快,高达50‰左右；次远区衰减率约1%o,更远区衰减率约0.59‰。随着河道的延伸,明显存在着急剧衰减区和缓慢衰减区。高速摄像机和爬高测量点记录了涌浪的爬高。试验数据表明,爬高与河道内波高一样存在着急剧衰减区和缓慢衰减区,但微地形地貌对爬高有较大影响,不易量化。 8、从细观上来看,各波高测试点的水位过程线吻合性较好,数值模拟再现了物理试验中波浪的追逐、叠加、反射等相互作用过程。从宏观上来看,数值模拟与物理试验中得到的波高、爬高值具有较好的相关性,数值模拟结果基本能够定量反映物理试验结果,具有较好的有效性和准确性。 9、基于滑坡涌浪数值模拟和物理模拟的成果理解,建立了一个由经验公式、理论公式和试验公式组成的涌浪计算公式体系,以入水物质的形态来确定首浪计算公式,以环状传播和平行传播来计算急剧衰减区和平缓衰减区的传播浪高,并将局部水头损失作为传播浪高的修正。将龚家方计算结果与水波动力学结果和野外调查结果对比,具有很好的吻合性。 10、基于水波动力学的滑坡涌浪数值模拟研究方法能为长距离大范围的河道涌浪灾害预警预测提供科学依据。未来应加强对不同失稳类型的涌浪源模型进行研究,以拓展水波动力研究涌浪的适用范围。论文对水库崩塌及涌浪灾害进行了较系统的梳理探讨,提出了水波动力学模型用于滑坡涌浪研究,对崩塌变形→崩塌体运动→激发水体形成涌浪→涌浪传播→涌浪爬高等一整套水库滑坡涌浪关键问题进行了计算与分析,补充和丰富了水库滑坡涌浪灾害预测评价及分析研究等方面的理论和方法,并以三峡库区典型崩塌体作为实例,把计算结果与实际的观测值、公式计算值和物理试验值进行了充分的对比分析,具有较为重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。
[Abstract]:First of all, the paper starts with the principle of water wave dynamics analysis and then constructs a calculation model based on water wave dynamics. The full text takes Gong Jia Fang's collapse as an example. The engineering geological conditions and initial conditions of Gong's collapse are investigated and surveyed in detail, and the model of Gong's deformation and instability is analyzed. A numerical model of water wave dynamics is used to simulate the whole process of swell in the 23km long and 10.4km wide calculation domain. The uniform analysis of the wave action mechanism of Gong numerical simulation waves is analyzed by using the physical test results. The accuracy of numerical simulation results is checked by the field investigation data and formula method. The formula system calculation method based on the whole wave process. Finally, the water wave dynamics model proposed in this paper is prospected. In the above work, three innovative points are studied in this paper.
(1) the calculation principle of water wave dynamics simulation of landslide surge is introduced, and the prediction software of reservoir landslide surge is compiled by water wave dynamics equation, and the method of landslide surge analysis based on water wave dynamics is initially established.
(2) a test method of physical simulation of rock mass collapse caused by physical simulation is put forward, and the formation, propagation and climbing process of the surge are studied by using the physical similarity test and the numerical simulation method of water wave dynamics.
(3) based on the understanding of the wave action process, the existing theoretical formulas, empirical formulas and experimental formulas are integrated, and the formula system is established to quickly estimate the maximum wave height, the maximum propagation wave height and the maximum climb.
At the same time, the following 10 conclusions and progress have been obtained:
1, the water wave dynamic equation was introduced, and the water wave dynamic calculation model FAST (Fast assessment system for tsunamis generated by geo-hazard) was developed with the GIS technology. The software was composed of the pre processing module, the surge calculation module and the post processing module, which improved and enhanced the function of the source program. It was easy to start and easy to operate. The FAST software can be used to demonstrate the historical process of typical water quality points, river channels and river surface.
2, the application case - the rock slope of Gong Jia Fang in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is mainly studied. Because of the change of lithology, the lower part of the slope is a thin layer of T1d3 marl in the thin layer of a slightly soft group, and there is a thick layer of dolomitic limestone in the middle of the T1d4 group in the middle, and there are more than 10 large structural surfaces in the Gong Jia Fang slope, and the 2 groups of excellent potential structure surfaces and layers are intersecting to form broken rock mass. The survey shows that the median block degree of the collapse deposit is 25cm. on the basis of the investigation of Gong Jia Fang and nearby slope. It is considered that there is V shaped dumping deformation, interlayer shear and slope bank collapse and deterioration in the early stage of Gong Jia Fang slope. Gong Jia Fang is a typical reverse toppling rock slope, and its instability mode is inverted. The upper part of the deformable body is the upper part of the slope. In the basic stable section, the middle part is the dumping section and the lower part is the sliding or fracturing failure section. The stability of the slope body is mainly controlled by the lower resistance region. When the lower rock mass is destroyed, the whole structural instability occurs immediately.
3, the initial conditions of the collapse of Gong's collapse are studied. Gong Jia Fang avalanche is a fractured structure, which takes the form of loose body into water. The total length of the total amount of about 38 x 104m3. Gong home avalanche is 11.5% of the length of the total collapse body. The river depth of this slope is about 140m, and the channel type is V shaped Canyon reservoir.
4, the water wave dynamic model FAST software is used to simulate the collapse of Gong Jia Fang in November 2008, and the development of the water inrush in the river is analyzed quantitatively, and the warning area of the surge risk is divided.
5, the simple physical motion analysis of the whole process of Gong's collapse and surge shows that the water velocity of Gong Jia Fang collapse body is about 12m/s, the maximum height of Gong's surge is about 31.8m, the maximum wave speed about 12-18m/s. surge is 12m on the other side, and the climb of the climb near the Wushan New Town Wharf of the upstream 4.5km is still 1-2m. use of water wave The dynamic analysis results are compared with the survey values, and the results are in good agreement with the field run-up values.
6, according to the 1:200 scale and according to the gravity similarity criterion, a physical entity model with long 24m, wide 8m and high 1.3m is set up to simulate the inrush shape in the 4.8km channel. The Gong family avalanche adopts the marble coarse sand with Dso as 1.47mm, and simulate the shape of the avalanche for the isosceles trapezium. The simulated river is a calm river, and there is no natural flow velocity. 6 branches have no natural velocity. The wave Grohe records the process of surge in the direction of sliding. 9 wave Grohe records the course of sowing waves in the channel, and the maximum height of the 15 climbing monitoring belts is measured. 2 high-speed cameras take the formation process of the surge and the process of climbing opposite banks. The physical test reacts the water level of the 172.8m, and the maximum surge height is 17.4M. Comparing the data to the survey data, the correlation coefficient is 0.949 and the average difference is less than 10%, which confirms the effectiveness of the physical model test and can be used to study the rules of Gong's surge.
The 7145m, 156m, 172.8m and 175m series of Gong family surge tests show that there are two larger waves in the surge, the superposition of the two wave, the superposition of the reflected wave, and so on, which are recorded by the wave Grohe, and show the interaction process of wave during the wave propagation. The test data is a fine depiction of the difference in the attenuation rate of the wave propagation in the river. The attenuation rate is about 50 per thousand, the attenuation rate of the sub far area is about 1%o and the attenuation rate of the farther area is about 0.59 per thousand. With the extension of the river, there is a sharp attenuation area and a slow decay zone. The high speed camera and the climb measurement point record the rise of the surge. The experimental data show that the climb is as high as the inner wave height of the river. Sharp attenuation area and slow attenuation area, but micro topography has great influence on climbing height, and is not easy to quantify.
8, from the microcosmic point of view, the water level process line of each wave height test point is in good agreement. The numerical simulation reproduces the interaction process of wave chase, superposition and reflection in the physical test. From the macroscopic point of view, the numerical simulation has a good correlation with the wave height and the climbing value obtained in the physical test, and the numerical simulation results can be basically quantified. The results of physical test show good effectiveness and accuracy.
9, based on the understanding of the results of numerical simulation and physical simulation of landslide surge, a calculation formula system composed of empirical formula, theoretical formula and experimental formula is established. The calculation formula of the first wave is determined by the form of water material, and the propagation wave height in the gentle attenuation zone of the sharp attenuation area is calculated by circular propagation and parallel propagation. The local head loss is used as a correction for the propagation of wave height. The calculated results are in good agreement with the results of hydrodynamic and field investigations.
10, the numerical simulation method of landslide surge based on water wave dynamics can provide scientific basis for early warning and prediction of long range and large range river surge disaster. In the future, we should strengthen the study of the inrush source model of different types of instability to expand the applicable model of water wave dynamic surge.
The paper systematically discusses the reservoir collapse and surge disaster, and puts forward the water wave dynamic model for the study of landslide surge, and calculates and analyses the key problems of the whole reservoir landslide surge, which are the collapse and deformation, the movement of the collapse body, the surge of water formation, the wave propagation and the surging waves. The theory and method of the prediction evaluation and analysis of the landslide surge disaster in the reservoir, and taking the typical collapse body of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as an example, the calculation results are compared with the actual observation value, the formula calculation value and the physical test value, which has the more important theoretical significance and practical application value.

【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TV221.2;TV139.2

【参考文献】