三江平原洪河保护区湿地分布式降雨径流模拟研究
发布时间：2018-07-28 13:48
【摘要】：湿地生态系统是自然界中最重要的生态系统之一,它是由水陆共同作用而形成的特殊生态系统,湿地是最富生物多样性、高生产力的陆地表层生态系统,与森林、海洋一起并列为全球三大生态系统。水是湿地生态系统中最重要的传输介质,对湿地的生物组成起着决定性的因素。水文过程带动着湿地中的物质和能量的转移,间接控制着湿地的形成与演化,同时也对湿地环境中的生物有着巨大的影响。从20世纪初至今,湿地水文过程的连续性受到日益强烈的人类活动的严重干扰,湿地生态服务功能被破坏,湿地退化严重。通过模型的手段来研究湿地水文过程,模拟和预测湿地水文状况,为湿地水文过程的恢复和保护提供科学的决策依据和技术支持。 水文模型永远是水文研究中的重要手段和方法之一。由于湿地生态系统独有的复杂性和湿地生态水文过程的复杂性,野外湿地调查法这种传统的水文研究手段,在野外环境十分艰苦的湿地地区,显得十分困难。这也是湿地地区水文气象观测资料较少的主要原因；同时传统的流域水文模型应用到湿地上也会出现适用性等问题。随着水文科学的发展、检测技术的进步和计算机、地理信息系统(GIS)及遥感技术(RS)的进步,同时也为了适应气候变化和由于人类活动影响下的水文及水资源研究之需,水文模型获得了长足的发展,已从集总式模型扩展到分布式或者半分布式模型。 本文根据流域降雨径流的基本过程,在充分考虑了流域下垫面水文要素和各种参数的空间异质性的基础上,结合本文研究区洪河国家级自然保护区沃绿兰河流的自身特点,建立了一个网格型的分布式次降雨径流水文模型。最后并利用实测数据对模型进行了率定和检验。 本文的主要研究成果如下： (1)分布式水文模拟研究。本文利用空间信息技术,基于DEM充分考虑流域下垫面水文要素和各种参数的空间异质性,将流域离散为栅格计算单元,将整个流域降雨径流过程分为产流和汇流两大部分。产流采用考虑地表覆被类型和土壤类型的SCS模型；汇流根据水流特性分别采用运动波方程和Muskingum-Cunge法；并采取了分级汇流的思想,对流域降雨从距离流域出口最远处的分水岭开始,由远及近地进行分级演算模拟。 (2)模型参数。本文构建的模型参数较少,参数的物理意义明确,参数中的大部分都可以利用DEM、土地利用图和土壤类型确定;需要率定的参数少,便于应用。 (3)模型验证与应用。本文以黑龙江省洪河国家级自然湿地保护区内的沃绿兰河流域为研究对象,运用野外实测的数据对模型进行验证。模型的模拟效果用确定性系数、洪量和洪峰相对误差和峰现时间的绝对误差来评估。模拟结果表明,该模型对沃绿兰河流域的水文过程模拟结果较好,确定性系数都在0.8以上,洪量和洪峰的相对误差基本在10%以内,峰现时间的绝对误差不超过2小时。
[Abstract]:Wetland ecosystem is one of the most important ecological systems in nature. It is a special ecosystem formed by the joint action of water and land. Wetland is the most abundant biological diversity, high productivity land surface ecosystem, together with forests and oceans as the three major ecological systems in the world. Water is the most important transmission medium in the wetland ecosystem. Quality is a decisive factor in the biological composition of wetlands. The hydrological process leads to the transfer of material and energy in the wetland, indirectly controls the formation and evolution of wetlands, and has a great influence on the organisms in the wetland environment. From the beginning of the twentieth Century, the continuity of the hydrological process of the wetland has been severely affected by the intense human activities. The ecological service function of wetland is destroyed and the wetland is degraded seriously. The hydrological process of wetland is studied by means of the model, and the hydrological condition of wetland is simulated and predicted. The scientific decision basis and technical support are provided for the restoration and protection of wetland hydrology process.
The hydrological model is always one of the important means and methods in hydrology. Because of the complexity of the wetland ecosystem and the complexity of the wetland eco hydrological process, the field wetland investigation method, the traditional hydrological research method, is very difficult in the very hard area of the field. This is also the hydrology and meteorology of the wetland area. The main reasons for less observation, and the application of the traditional watershed hydrological model to wetlands, are also possible. Along with the development of hydrology, progress in detection technology and advances in computers, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), it is also to adapt to climate change and the impact of human activities. Hydrology and water resources research need, hydrological model has made considerable progress, has been extended from lumped model to distributed or semi distributed model.
Based on the basic process of rainfall runoff in the basin, on the basis of fully considering the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological elements and various parameters of the underlying surface of the basin, and combining the characteristics of the river in the Honghe National Nature Reserve of this study area, a grid type distribution model of sub rainfall runoff water is established. The measured data are determined and tested for the model.
The main research results of this paper are as follows:
(1) distributed hydrological simulation research. In this paper, based on spatial information technology, based on DEM, the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological elements and various parameters of the underlying surface of the basin is fully considered, and the basin is discrete into a grid computing unit, and the whole basin rainfall runoff process is divided into two parts of runoff and confluence. In accordance with the characteristics of water flow, the confluence adopts the motion wave equation and the Muskingum-Cunge method according to the characteristics of the flow, and the idea of hierarchical confluence is adopted, and the rainfall from the distance to the distance from the distance from the distance to the watershed is started, and the classification calculation is carried out from far and near to the near land.
(2) model parameters. The model parameters in this paper are less and the physical meaning of the parameters is clear. Most of the parameters can be determined by DEM, land use map and soil type.
(3) model verification and application. This paper uses the field measured data to verify the model in the wowan River Basin in the Honghe National Natural Wetland Reserve, Heilongjiang province. The simulation results of the model are evaluated by the deterministic coefficient, the relative error of the flood and the flood peak and the absolute error of the peak time. The simulation results show that The model has better simulation results on the hydrological process in the wowan River Basin, the deterministic coefficient is above 0.8, the relative error of the flood and peak is less than 10%, and the absolute error of the peak time is not more than 2 hours.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：P334;P208
本文编号：2150346
[Abstract]:Wetland ecosystem is one of the most important ecological systems in nature. It is a special ecosystem formed by the joint action of water and land. Wetland is the most abundant biological diversity, high productivity land surface ecosystem, together with forests and oceans as the three major ecological systems in the world. Water is the most important transmission medium in the wetland ecosystem. Quality is a decisive factor in the biological composition of wetlands. The hydrological process leads to the transfer of material and energy in the wetland, indirectly controls the formation and evolution of wetlands, and has a great influence on the organisms in the wetland environment. From the beginning of the twentieth Century, the continuity of the hydrological process of the wetland has been severely affected by the intense human activities. The ecological service function of wetland is destroyed and the wetland is degraded seriously. The hydrological process of wetland is studied by means of the model, and the hydrological condition of wetland is simulated and predicted. The scientific decision basis and technical support are provided for the restoration and protection of wetland hydrology process.
The hydrological model is always one of the important means and methods in hydrology. Because of the complexity of the wetland ecosystem and the complexity of the wetland eco hydrological process, the field wetland investigation method, the traditional hydrological research method, is very difficult in the very hard area of the field. This is also the hydrology and meteorology of the wetland area. The main reasons for less observation, and the application of the traditional watershed hydrological model to wetlands, are also possible. Along with the development of hydrology, progress in detection technology and advances in computers, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), it is also to adapt to climate change and the impact of human activities. Hydrology and water resources research need, hydrological model has made considerable progress, has been extended from lumped model to distributed or semi distributed model.
Based on the basic process of rainfall runoff in the basin, on the basis of fully considering the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological elements and various parameters of the underlying surface of the basin, and combining the characteristics of the river in the Honghe National Nature Reserve of this study area, a grid type distribution model of sub rainfall runoff water is established. The measured data are determined and tested for the model.
The main research results of this paper are as follows:
(1) distributed hydrological simulation research. In this paper, based on spatial information technology, based on DEM, the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological elements and various parameters of the underlying surface of the basin is fully considered, and the basin is discrete into a grid computing unit, and the whole basin rainfall runoff process is divided into two parts of runoff and confluence. In accordance with the characteristics of water flow, the confluence adopts the motion wave equation and the Muskingum-Cunge method according to the characteristics of the flow, and the idea of hierarchical confluence is adopted, and the rainfall from the distance to the distance from the distance from the distance to the watershed is started, and the classification calculation is carried out from far and near to the near land.
(2) model parameters. The model parameters in this paper are less and the physical meaning of the parameters is clear. Most of the parameters can be determined by DEM, land use map and soil type.
(3) model verification and application. This paper uses the field measured data to verify the model in the wowan River Basin in the Honghe National Natural Wetland Reserve, Heilongjiang province. The simulation results of the model are evaluated by the deterministic coefficient, the relative error of the flood and the flood peak and the absolute error of the peak time. The simulation results show that The model has better simulation results on the hydrological process in the wowan River Basin, the deterministic coefficient is above 0.8, the relative error of the flood and peak is less than 10%, and the absolute error of the peak time is not more than 2 hours.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：P334;P208
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