高山流域降水径流过程机理及模拟研究
发布时间：2018-09-10 11:30
【摘要】：高山流域是世界上诸多大河的源区,是世界“水塔”,在水资源开发利用中占有重要地位,但其降水径流过程有显著的特殊性。论文关注高山流域降水径流过程的以下四个主要特征:径流过程的降水驱动空间差异大;产流过程复杂,径流成分的时间和空间变异性大;融雪水是高山流域重要的径流成分;地形起伏大,土壤和植被等下垫面条件显著的空间变异性导致流域降雨产流条件在空间上显著变化。针对这些特征导致的水文模拟难点,提出了改进水文模拟精度的方法。基于空间分布模式的遥感和地面降水融合方法:TRMM等卫星遥感降水产品可以较好地反映降水的空间分布模式,并用TRMM栅格和雨量站点所在栅格雨量的差值定量表征。将地面站的点雨量观测优势和TRMM的空间分布观测优势结合,以雨量站点为控制点对每个TRMM栅格的数据进行校正。校正降水产品改进了雨量站稀疏的澜沧江流域洪峰的模拟效果。基于径流成分划分的水文模型参数分步率定方法:综合高山流域气温随高程递减和积雪冰川分布起始高程不同的特点,建立了高山流域径流成分的识别方法。将高山流域径流过程线划分为由不同径流成分主导的子集,径流过程线的每个子集根据其物理成因对应于模型参数的一个子集,模型参数依据相应的径流过程线子集分别逐步率定。参数分步率定方法应用于新疆的台兰河流域,增强了参数率定的物理基础,提高了参数率定的计算效率。基于积雪累积和消融过程信息的度日因子估计方法:综合温度对雨雪转换和融雪的控制作用,将流域积雪过程划分为累积段、消融段和累积消融并存段。在累积段,观测的降雪量即为积雪水当量,结合遥感积雪面积和地面积雪深数据可估算流域积雪密度。在消融段,依据估算的积雪密度和观测的积雪深数据,可估算融雪水当量,由此估计融雪度日因子。度日因子估计方法应用在奥地利山区的Lienz流域,有效地改进了流域积雪覆盖的模拟效果。基于地形指数的澜沧江流域变结构水文模型:以新安江产流计算方法和HBV产流计算方法为基准产流计算方法,选定地形指数作为产流条件控制因子,建立了产流计算方法随流域下垫面条件变化的水文模型。当子流域计算单元的平均地形指数大于某一阈值时,以新安江模型方法计算产流,反之,则以HBV模型方法计算产流。变产流计算方法的模型结构显著地改进了澜沧江流域洪峰的模拟效果。
[Abstract]:Alpine watershed is the source area of many great rivers in the world and the "water tower" in the world. It plays an important role in the exploitation and utilization of water resources, but its precipitation and runoff process has remarkable particularity. This paper focuses on the following four main characteristics of precipitation runoff process in alpine watershed: the difference of precipitation driving space in runoff process, the complexity of runoff production process, the large temporal and spatial variability of runoff composition, and the importance of snowmelt water as an important runoff component in high mountain watershed. The spatial variability of underlying surface conditions such as soil and vegetation resulted in significant changes in rainfall and runoff conditions in the watershed. In view of the difficulties in hydrological simulation caused by these characteristics, a method to improve the accuracy of hydrologic simulation is proposed. Remote Sensing and Surface precipitation Fusion method based on Spatial Distribution Model the satellite remote sensing precipitation products such as: TRMM can better reflect the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation and quantitatively characterize the difference between the raster rainfall of TRMM grid and the raster rainfall at the rainfall station. The point rainfall observation advantage of the earth station and the spatial distribution observation advantage of TRMM are combined, and the data of each TRMM grid are corrected by using the rainfall station as the control point. The correction of precipitation product improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in the sparse rainfall station of Lancang River basin. The method of determining the parameters of hydrological model based on the classification of runoff composition: considering the characteristics of temperature decreasing with elevation and different initial elevation of snow glacier distribution, a method for identifying runoff composition in alpine watershed is established. The runoff process line of alpine watershed is divided into subsets dominated by different runoff components. Each subset of runoff process line corresponds to a subset of model parameters according to its physical origin. The model parameters are determined according to the corresponding subsets of runoff process line. The method of parameter step rate determination is applied to the Tailan River basin in Xinjiang, which enhances the physical basis of parameter rate determination and improves the calculation efficiency of parameter rate determination. The method of daily factor estimation based on the information of snow accumulation and ablation process: considering the controlling effect of temperature on rain and snow conversion and snow melting, the snow process of watershed is divided into accumulative section, ablation section and cumulative ablation phase. In the accumulative section, the observed snowfall amount is the equivalent of snow cover water, and the snow density can be estimated by combining the remote sensing snow cover area and the surface snow depth data. According to the estimated snow density and the observed snow depth, the equivalent of melting water can be estimated and the daily factor of snow melting can be estimated. The method of diurnal factor estimation is applied to the Lienz watershed in Austrian mountain area, and the simulation effect of snow cover in the watershed is improved effectively. The variable structure Hydrological Model of Lancang River Basin based on terrain Index: taking the runoff generation calculation method of Xin'an River and HBV runoff generation calculation method as the benchmark runoff generation calculation method, the topographic index is selected as the control factor of runoff production condition. The hydrological model of runoff generation method with the change of the underlying surface condition of the basin is established. When the average topographic index of the subbasin calculation unit is greater than a certain threshold value, the runoff generation is calculated by the Xinanjiang model method and the HBV model method. The model structure of variable runoff calculation method significantly improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in Lancang River basin.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TV121.1
本文编号：2234310
[Abstract]:Alpine watershed is the source area of many great rivers in the world and the "water tower" in the world. It plays an important role in the exploitation and utilization of water resources, but its precipitation and runoff process has remarkable particularity. This paper focuses on the following four main characteristics of precipitation runoff process in alpine watershed: the difference of precipitation driving space in runoff process, the complexity of runoff production process, the large temporal and spatial variability of runoff composition, and the importance of snowmelt water as an important runoff component in high mountain watershed. The spatial variability of underlying surface conditions such as soil and vegetation resulted in significant changes in rainfall and runoff conditions in the watershed. In view of the difficulties in hydrological simulation caused by these characteristics, a method to improve the accuracy of hydrologic simulation is proposed. Remote Sensing and Surface precipitation Fusion method based on Spatial Distribution Model the satellite remote sensing precipitation products such as: TRMM can better reflect the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation and quantitatively characterize the difference between the raster rainfall of TRMM grid and the raster rainfall at the rainfall station. The point rainfall observation advantage of the earth station and the spatial distribution observation advantage of TRMM are combined, and the data of each TRMM grid are corrected by using the rainfall station as the control point. The correction of precipitation product improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in the sparse rainfall station of Lancang River basin. The method of determining the parameters of hydrological model based on the classification of runoff composition: considering the characteristics of temperature decreasing with elevation and different initial elevation of snow glacier distribution, a method for identifying runoff composition in alpine watershed is established. The runoff process line of alpine watershed is divided into subsets dominated by different runoff components. Each subset of runoff process line corresponds to a subset of model parameters according to its physical origin. The model parameters are determined according to the corresponding subsets of runoff process line. The method of parameter step rate determination is applied to the Tailan River basin in Xinjiang, which enhances the physical basis of parameter rate determination and improves the calculation efficiency of parameter rate determination. The method of daily factor estimation based on the information of snow accumulation and ablation process: considering the controlling effect of temperature on rain and snow conversion and snow melting, the snow process of watershed is divided into accumulative section, ablation section and cumulative ablation phase. In the accumulative section, the observed snowfall amount is the equivalent of snow cover water, and the snow density can be estimated by combining the remote sensing snow cover area and the surface snow depth data. According to the estimated snow density and the observed snow depth, the equivalent of melting water can be estimated and the daily factor of snow melting can be estimated. The method of diurnal factor estimation is applied to the Lienz watershed in Austrian mountain area, and the simulation effect of snow cover in the watershed is improved effectively. The variable structure Hydrological Model of Lancang River Basin based on terrain Index: taking the runoff generation calculation method of Xin'an River and HBV runoff generation calculation method as the benchmark runoff generation calculation method, the topographic index is selected as the control factor of runoff production condition. The hydrological model of runoff generation method with the change of the underlying surface condition of the basin is established. When the average topographic index of the subbasin calculation unit is greater than a certain threshold value, the runoff generation is calculated by the Xinanjiang model method and the HBV model method. The model structure of variable runoff calculation method significantly improved the simulation effect of Hong Feng in Lancang River basin.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TV121.1
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