福建省棉花滩水库塌岸模式及水土相互作用研究

发布时间：2019-05-28 13:05

【摘要】：棉花滩水库位于福建省龙岩市永定县及上杭县境内,属于大型水库,以发电为主,兼有防洪、水产养殖、航运等综合效益。库区属于亚热带海洋性季风气候,干湿季节分明;库区地下水主要为基岩裂隙水、构造裂隙水、第四系覆盖层中的孔隙水;裂隙性水分布于花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、粉砂岩等岩石的裂隙中;地下水由降雨及库水补给,向库区或河流排泄。棉花滩水库库区属于中低山区,整体地形复杂,地势由西北向东南逐渐降低,区内主要为由构造形成的中低山地貌、剥蚀丘陵地貌、剥蚀残丘地貌。库区出露地层较单一,主要为前震旦系变质岩、侏罗系火山碎屑岩、白垩系沉积岩、第四系残坡积及冲洪积形成的松散堆积物。基岩岩性主要为花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、粉砂岩等,第四系覆盖层主要为松散孔隙比大的砂土。库区内地震动峰值加速度为0.05g,相应的地震基本烈度为VI度。研究对象是棉花滩水库库岸边坡,研究的目标是水库塌岸范围,研究的重要意义是准确预测水库塌岸的范围,保证岸边居民、交通设施等工程的安全。研究步骤是野外调查—查阅资料—室内试验—数据处理分析—公式推导。目前通过图解法预测塌岸宽度较多,通过公式预测塌岸宽度的研究较少,且不成熟。通过研究再现棉花滩的水库库岸的横向拓展破坏过程,根据水土相互作用的机理推导出基于水土平衡的塌岸预测公式,更加准确的预测水库塌岸宽度。本文研究的技术路线是通过调查研究明确自然及地质环境条件、塌岸特征、塌岸模式、塌岸影响因素等;在室内进行棉花滩水库塌岸的模拟实验实验,包括塌岸横向拓宽机制模拟实验和水位调度模拟试验,其中塌岸横向拓宽机制模拟实验又分为单一破坏下和多处破坏下的塌岸横向拓宽机制模拟实验;通过设计多因素正交试验推导塌岸公式,另一方面水土相互作用机理推导出基于水土平衡的塌岸预测公式。本文采用查阅资料、试验模拟、公式推导等研究方法。研究步骤是先野外现场调查、再查阅相关资料、接着在室内进行相关试验(塌岸横向拓宽试验、水位调度试验、多因素单因素试验)、然后分析处理推导出基于试验的塌岸公式,此外根据水土相互作用推导出基于水土平衡的塌岸预测公式,最后选取典型剖面验证。在野外调查过程中采用罗盘、皮尺等量测设备,试验过程中采用卷尺、直尺、罗盘等工具。试验过程采用相似试验,即保证几何相似、运动相似和动力相似、外部条件、物质组成的相似性。本文的主要研究成果包括八个方面:(1)关于水库塌岸的野外调查,在2014年至2017年期间,在中国东西部共调查了棉花滩水库(福建)、水口水库(福建)、富春江水库(浙江)、滩坑水库(浙江)、新安江水库(浙江)、柘林水库(江西)、龙开口水库(云南金沙江)、黑龙潭水库(成都)、龚嘴水库(四川)、铜街子水库(四川)、三岔湖水库(四川简阳)、锦屏1级水库(四川)、白云水库(湖南)、威溪水库(湖南)等共14个山区水库,通过调查进一步认识到水库塌岸的特征、模式,特别是棉花滩水库具有典型的横向拓宽破坏的特点,并且锦屏1级水库白碉1-1’剖面具有和棉花滩塌岸类似的特征。(2)通过对龙开口水库、滩坑水库的长期监测资料的搜集,为水库塌岸预测公式的典型剖面验证奠定基础。(3)室内的相关性试验,具体有关于水库塌岸横向拓宽的机制和过程的模拟试验(分为单一破坏的横向拓宽的模拟试验和多处破坏的横向拓宽的模拟试验)、水位调度的模拟试验、单因素试验、正交多因素试验。(4)通过室内模拟再现棉花滩库岸发现先在局部形成局部破坏(纵向)再往两侧横向破坏的破坏过程,与野外调查情况基本一致;出现单一的局部破坏的塌岸破坏速率比出现多处局部破坏的塌岸横向破坏速率慢,主要是由于出现多处局部破坏的塌岸有多处破坏点,且在多处局部破坏接近贯通时未贯通部分左中右三向临空,会收到左右两侧的叠加破坏,破坏速率明显加快。(5)通过水库调度的模拟实验,进一步认识了水位调度对水库塌岸的影响机理及原因;单因素试验保持试验高度(45 cm)、岸坡坡度(40°)、水位(30cm)、波浪浪高(1~2cm)不变,改变单一变量物质组成材料—粘土、中砂、角砾型、粗颗粒,探索物质组成对塌岸宽度的影响;多因素正交试验,通过四因素(物质组成、岸坡坡度、水位、波浪高度)三水平的正交试验,得出九种组合类型下的塌岸宽度,为室内试验塌岸公式的推导奠定基础。(6)根据四因素三水平正交试验的结果,采用多元回归的方法推导塌岸预测公式:S=2.5919e-2.886d(0.4189X1-0.2554X2+0.3348X3+14.3529X4),式中:S为水库塌岸宽度(m),X1为岸坡坡角(°),X2为水位差(m),X3为波浪高度(cm),X4为d60(mm),d为相对密实度。(7)在水土相互作用机理、波浪过程的基础上,以波浪回落过程作为研究过程,以垂直岸坡方向的受力方程式为基础,推导出含有波浪爬高R的受力方程式,并用推导的R值去修正卡丘金经验公式,得出基于水土平衡的塌岸预测公式:(8)通过基于水土相互作用的预测方法、多元回归法、手册法、库岸结构法四种方法对滩坑水库的三个剖面进行验证,得出的结果,基于水土平衡的预测结果更准确。由于水土平衡的塌岸预测公式是在均匀沙散粒体和粘性泥沙的基础上,有一定的局限性。此外,由于目前水库的监测资料较少,可供验证的剖面较少,需要进一步的验证此公式的适用性,并且在大量的实例验证中修正和完善此公式。
[Abstract]:The cotton beach reservoir is located in Yongding County and Shanghang County, Longyan City, Fujian Province, and belongs to the large-scale reservoir. It has the comprehensive benefits of flood control, aquaculture and shipping. The reservoir area belongs to the subtropical marine monsoon climate, and the dry and wet seasons are distinct; the ground water in the reservoir area is mainly bedrock fissure water, and the pore water in the Quaternary cover layer is constructed; and the fracture water is distributed in the fracture of the rock such as granite, granodiorite, siltstone and the like; The groundwater is supplied by the rainfall and the reservoir, and is discharged to the reservoir area or the river. The reservoir area of the cotton beach is a medium and low mountain area, the whole terrain is complex, the terrain is gradually reduced from the northwest to the southeast, and the area is mainly formed by the formation of the middle and low mountain landforms, the denudation hills and the landform, and the denudation and residual hill. The exposed formation in the reservoir area is relatively single, mainly for the loose deposits formed by the former Sinian metamorphic rock, the Jurassic volcanic clastic rock, the Cretaceous sedimentary rock, the Quaternary eluvial deposit and the alluvial and flood product. The lithology of the bedrock is mainly granite, granodiorite, siltstone, etc., and the Quaternary covering layer is mainly of loose-pore-specific sandy soil. The peak acceleration of the seismic peak in the reservoir area is 0.05g, and the corresponding earthquake basic intensity is VI degree. The research object is the bank slope of the reservoir bank of the cotton beach, and the research object is the reservoir collapse range. The important significance of the study is to accurately predict the scope of the reservoir collapse, and to ensure the safety of the shore residents, traffic facilities and other works. The research steps are the field investigation, the reference data, the laboratory test and the data processing analysis and the formula derivation. At present, by means of the graphical method, the width of the bank is predicted to be more, and the study of the collapse width is predicted by the formula, and it is not mature. By studying the process of the lateral expansion and destruction of the reservoir bank of the cotton beach, a bank-collapse prediction formula based on the balance of water and soil is derived according to the mechanism of soil and water interaction, and the collapse width of the reservoir is more accurately predicted. The technical route studied in this paper is to study the natural and geological environment conditions, the characteristics of the slump, the model of collapse and the influence factors of the bank collapse through the investigation and study, and the simulation experiment of the collapse of the cotton beach reservoir in the room, including the simulation experiment of the lateral expansion mechanism of the bank and the simulation test of the water level, In this paper, the simulation experiment of the lateral expansion mechanism of the bank collapse is divided into the simulation experiment of the lateral expansion mechanism of the bank collapse under the condition of single failure and multiple damage; the bank collapse formula is derived by the design of the multi-factor orthogonal test; on the other hand, the water and soil interaction mechanism is used to derive the bank-collapse prediction formula based on the water and soil equilibrium. In this paper, the data, the test simulation, the formula derivation and other research methods are used. The research step is to investigate the field first, then to consult the relevant data, and then carry out the related test in the room (the lateral expansion test of the bank collapse, the water level dispatching test and the multi-factor single-factor test), and then the analysis and treatment to derive the bank-collapse formula based on the test. In addition, on the basis of water and soil interaction, a bank-collapse prediction formula based on water and soil equilibrium is derived, and a typical cross-section verification is finally selected. In the field investigation process, a compass and an equal measuring device are adopted, and a tape measure, a ruler, a compass and the like are adopted in the test process. The test process adopts a similar test, namely, the similarity of the geometric similarity, the motion similarity and the power similarity, the external conditions and the substance composition is ensured. The main research results of this paper include eight aspects: (1) The field investigation on the collapse of the reservoir, during the period from 2014 to 2017, the cotton beach reservoir (Fujian), the water-gap reservoir (Fujian), the Fuchun River reservoir (Zhejiang) and the beach-pit reservoir (Zhejiang) were investigated in the western part of China during the period from 2014 to 2017. Xinanjiang Reservoir (Zhejiang), Shulin Reservoir (Jiangxi), Longan Reservoir (Jinsha River in Yunnan), Yintan Reservoir (Chengdu), Gongzui Reservoir (Sichuan), Tongjiezi Reservoir (Sichuan), Sanhe Lake Reservoir (Sichuan Jiyang), Jinping 1 Reservoir (Sichuan), In a total of 14 mountain reservoirs, such as the Baiyun Reservoir (Hunan) and the Weixi Reservoir (Hunan), the characteristics and modes of the reservoir collapse are further recognized, especially the characteristics of the typical lateral expansion and failure of the cotton beach reservoir. and (2) through the collection of long-term monitoring data of the long-term monitoring data of the long-opening reservoir and the beach-pit reservoir, the foundation is laid for the typical cross-section verification of the reservoir collapse prediction formula. (3) the indoor correlation test, in particular to a simulation test of a mechanism and a process for lateral widening of the collapse of a reservoir (divided into a single-destructive lateral-widening simulation test and a multi-destructive lateral widening simulation test), a simulation test of the water level scheduling and a single-factor test, The orthogonal multi-factor test. (4) The destruction process of the local damage (longitudinal) and the lateral destruction on both sides of the local formation of local damage (longitudinal) was found by indoor simulation, which was consistent with the field investigation. the collapse rate of the collapse of a single partial failure is slower than that of the collapse of the collapse of a plurality of local damage, The superposition and destruction of the left and right sides can be received, and the failure rate is obviously accelerated. (5) The influence mechanism and cause of the water level dispatching on the collapse of the reservoir are further recognized through the simulation experiment of the reservoir dispatching. The single-factor test keeps the test height (45 cm) and the slope of the bank slope (40 掳). Water level (30 cm), wave height (1-2 cm), change of single variable material composition, clay, medium sand, angular gravelly type, coarse particles, explore the effect of material composition on the collapse width; multi-factor orthogonal test, through four factors (material composition, bank slope gradient, water level, Based on the results of four-factor three-level orthogonal test, the method of multiple regression is used to derive the bank-collapse prediction formula: S = 2.5919e-2.88d (0.4189X1-0.2554X2 + 0.3348X3 + 14.3529X4), in which: S is the reservoir collapse width (m), X1 is the bank slope angle (掳), X2 is the water level difference (m), X3 is the wave height (cm), X4 is d60 (mm), and d is relative compactness. (7) On the basis of the soil and water interaction mechanism and the wave process, the wave falling process is used as the research process. On the basis of the force equation in the direction of the vertical bank slope, the force equation containing the wave climbing height R is derived, and the formula of the Calcion's empirical formula is modified by the derived R value to obtain the bank-collapse prediction formula based on the water and soil equilibrium: (8) The prediction method based on the water and soil interaction is adopted, The multi-regression method, the manual method and the bank-bank structure method are used to verify the three sections of the beach-pit reservoir, and the results obtained are more accurate on the basis of the prediction result of the water-soil equilibrium. There are some limitations. In addition, due to the low monitoring data of the reservoir and the less cross-section available for verification, it is necessary to further verify the applicability of the formula, and to correct and perfect this formula in a large number of case verification.
【学位授予单位】：成都理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TV221.2;TV697.33

【参考文献】