小流域山洪灾害成因及防治技术研究

发布时间：2019-06-05 14:12

【摘要】：山区小流域因流域面积和河道的调蓄能力小，坡降较陡，，洪水持续时间短，涨幅大，洪峰高，山洪灾害具有突发性、预见期短、水量集中、破坏力大等特点，已成为我国防洪减灾工作中的薄弱环节。由于山区小流域情况复杂，影响因素众多，资料短缺，且相关研究起步较晚，亟须相关的技术支撑，因此，小流域山洪灾害成因及防治技术研究具有重要意义。本文以广东省清远市连州瑶安小流域为研究对象，主要研究内容如下：（1）分析小流域山洪灾害成因。从降雨条件、坡度势能条件、固体物质环境条件等方面对瑶安小流域山洪灾害成因进行分析，结果表明，降雨是山洪灾害形成的直接外动力因素，不利的坡度势能条件是山洪灾害形成的重要因素，地表松散固体物质为山洪灾害的形成提供了重要的环境条件。（2）研究小流域山洪灾害风险评价。以降雨、高程、坡度、土壤类型、人口密度和土地利用类型等共六个因子作为瑶安小流域山洪灾害风险评价指标，基于GIS技术和层次分析法建立山洪灾害风险评价模型，并制作山洪灾害危险性区划图、易损性区划图和风险区划图，对该区山洪灾害进行风险评价，评价结果可以较好地反映实际情况。（3）探讨小流域山洪灾害临界雨量计算分析方法。采用区域临界雨量法、水位反推法，综合分析确定瑶安小流域1h、3h、6h、12h、24h临界雨量值，另外，考虑山洪灾害当天雨量和前期有效雨量的关系，初步建立临界雨量基准线，为山洪灾害防治提供参考。（4）在研究无资料地区洪水预报问题的基础上，构建小流域暴雨山洪灾害预警预报系统。预警预报系统包括临界雨量预报和山洪过程预报，其中山洪过程模拟和预报采用新安江模型、经验预报方案。针对该区缺乏实测径流资料的特点，将新安江模型模拟结果与广东省综合单位线法进行对比，对模型参数进行率定和检验，可以较好地解决无资料地区洪水预报精度问题。（5）提出小流域山洪灾害防治工程措施。瑶安小流域山洪灾害防治工程措施主要包括防洪工程治理、河道整治、水土保持工程建设和生物工程治理等，治理重点放在受灾严重的长合水及瑶安乡，小滚水和带田水则进行局部治理。工程措施为提高该区抵抗山洪灾害能力、保证山区人民生命财产安全提供强有力的保障。
[Abstract]:Because of the small watershed area and river storage ability, steep slope, short flood duration, large increase, high Hong Feng, mountain flood disaster has the characteristics of sudden occurrence, short forecast period, concentrated water quantity and great destructive power. It has become a weak link in flood control and disaster reduction in China. Because the situation of small watershed in mountainous area is complex, the influencing factors are many, the data is scarce, and the related research starts late, it is urgent to need the relevant technical support. Therefore, the research on the causes of mountain flood disaster and its prevention and control technology in small watershed is of great significance. In this paper, the Yao'an small watershed in Lianzhou, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province is taken as the research object, and the main research contents are as follows: (1) the causes of mountain flood disaster in small watershed are analyzed. The causes of mountain flood disaster in Yao'an small watershed are analyzed from the aspects of rainfall condition, slope potential energy condition and solid material environment condition. The results show that rainfall is the direct external dynamic factor for the formation of mountain flood disaster. The unfavorable slope potential energy condition is an important factor for the formation of mountain flood disaster, and the loose solid material on the surface provides an important environmental condition for the formation of mountain flood disaster. (2) to study the risk assessment of mountain flood disaster in small watershed. Six factors, such as rainfall, elevation, slope, soil type, population density and land use type, were used as risk assessment indexes of mountain flood disaster in Yao'an small watershed. Based on GIS technology and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the risk assessment model of mountain flood disaster was established. The risk zoning map, vulnerability zoning map and risk zoning map of mountain flood disaster are made, and the risk assessment of mountain flood disaster in this area is carried out, and the evaluation results can better reflect the actual situation. (3) the calculation and analysis method of critical rainfall of mountain flood disaster in small watershed is discussed. By using the regional critical rain method and the water level inversion method, the critical rain values for 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h in Yao'an small watershed are comprehensively analyzed and determined. In addition, the relationship between the rainfall on the day of the mountain flood disaster and the effective rainfall in the previous period is considered. The critical rainfall datum line is established to provide reference for mountain flood disaster prevention and control. (4) on the basis of studying the flood forecasting problem in the area without data, the early warning and forecasting system of rainstorm mountain flood disaster in small watershed is constructed. The early warning and forecasting system includes critical rainfall forecast and mountain flood process forecast, in which the simulation and forecast of mountain flood process adopts Xin'an River model and empirical prediction scheme. In view of the lack of measured runoff data in this area, the simulation results of Xin'anjiang model are compared with the comprehensive unit line method of Guangdong Province, and the calibration and test of model parameters can solve the problem of flood forecasting accuracy in areas without data. (5) the prevention and control engineering measures of mountain flood disaster in small watershed are put forward. The prevention and control engineering measures of mountain flood disaster in Yao'an small watershed mainly include flood control project management, river regulation, soil and water conservation project construction and biological engineering control, etc., with emphasis on Changhe Water and Yao'an Township, which are seriously affected. Small boiling water and belt water are treated locally. The engineering measures provide a strong guarantee for improving the ability to resist mountain torrents and ensuring the safety of people's lives and property in mountain areas.
【学位授予单位】：华南理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TV87

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