四川盆地红层岩体主要水利水电工程地质问题系统研究

  本文关键词：四川盆地红层岩体主要水利水电工程地质问题系统研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        红层分布于世界各地，中国境内的红层主要是分布于西北、西南及华南地区，尤以四川盆地分布最为广泛，也最为连续和典型。四川盆地人口密集，工农业等十分发达。然而，四川盆地红层地区水资源总量不足，径流时程分布不均，干旱、洪涝灾害频发；就水能资源而言，虽然盆地区弱于川西高原地区，但其距离用电负荷中心近、交通发达，开发条件良好。四川盆地红层区已有了众多的水利水电工程实践，积累了大量成功的工程实例和经验，同时也存在诸如黑龙滩水库坝基岩体滑动、高凤山电站坝基石膏溶蚀、回龙宫隧洞膨胀岩等工程地质问题。目前四川盆地红层地区水能资源开发只完成资源总量的近50%、水利工程灌面建成率仅为11.5％，因而未来四川盆地红层区的水利、水电工程建设存在广阔发展前景。因此，对四川盆地红层岩体特性及其水利水电工程地质问题进行系统、深入地归纳、分析与研究，在研究基础上有重多的工程实践经验和教训，在工程实践中有广泛的实际需求，在成果应用上具有广阔的前景。为此，作者二十年多年100余项四川盆地红层地区大中型水利水电工程实践为依托，，结合国内外相关资料，对四川盆地红层岩体的主要水利水电工程地质问题进行系统研究，以为在四川盆地红层区实施的“再造一个都江堰”的水利发展战略，合理、有效地开发、保护水能和水利资源，提供一定的理论支撑和方法依据。本文在对四川盆地红层建造－改造特征研究的基础上，总结了盆地红层岩性、岩相以及红层岩性组合特征在盆地上的分布规律；通过对四川盆地红层区岩体物理力学试验数据的分析，得出了红层岩石及岩体的物理力学参数，同时还从沉积建造、构造与表生改造方面分析论述了四川盆地红层岩体的结构特征，然后对其进行了工程地质分区。在此基础上，对水利水电工程建坝的红层岩体稳定问题及渗漏问题进行了分析研究；论文最后研究了与红层岩体类岩溶及膨胀相关的水利水电工程地质问题。论文的主要成果如下：（1）依托100余项四川盆地红层地区的水利水电工程实例，论文系统分析总结了红层岩体的物理力学和岩体结构特征，以及相应的水利水电工程地质问题，提出了红层坝基岩体变形、抗滑、渗漏问题的基本模式和相应工程地质问题的评价方法，为系统分析、评价红层岩体水利水电工程地质问题提供了基本的思路和方法。（2）通过对从侏罗纪到第三纪红层沉积相、岩性组合随地质时代的变化及其在盆地空间上的展布特征研究，得到了四川盆地红层岩石的建造特征。（3）基于四川盆地红层岩石近800余组试验资料的分类、统计、分析，得到了四川盆地红层岩石总体上属于软岩，其中，砂岩类岩石属于较软岩（15～31Mpa），泥质岩类岩石属于软岩（5～15MPa）或极软岩（小于5Mpa）；红层岩体总体上质地软弱，结构上为软硬相间的层状岩体，软弱夹层大多沿砂泥岩界面或在泥质岩类软岩中作顺层分布。虽然四川盆地红层岩石总体上属于软岩范畴，但少数红层砂岩类岩石属于中硬坚硬岩石，泥质岩类岩石则属于较软岩中硬岩;这类强度较高的红层主要分布于四川盆地周边的西北部地区；红层岩石强度在盆地空间上的这种分布特点与其沉积环境的差别有关。（4）根据红层岩石建造及构造改造主控因素，结合地貌、水文地质条件等，将四川盆地红层岩体划分为3个工程地质分区，即盆西北区（Ⅰ）、盆中区（Ⅱ）、盆东区（Ⅲ），其中盆西北区（Ⅰ）又分为盆东亚区（Ⅰ-1）及盆北亚区（Ⅰ-2），并分析评价了各区的主要工程地质问题。（5）基于红层岩体结构特征，提出了红层坝基岩体变形的9中类别及抗滑稳定的9种模式。论文归纳总结了影响每一类坝基岩体变形及抗滑的主要地质要素，并提出了相关问题的工程地质评价要点。（6）通过对红层岩体透水带形成的地质过程分析，依据近4000组压水试验数据的统计、分析成果，提出了红层岩体渗透特性能主要受风化、卸荷等表生改造作用控制的观点。采用数值模拟分析了红层地区坝基、坝肩渗漏的基本规律，提出了红层坝基渗流控制的主要对象是透水的风化带岩体，即防渗帷幕长度穿过风化带进入新鲜岩体适当深度即可。（7）基于铜头电站工程实例分析，得到了砾岩类岩溶发育强度小于常规灰岩岩溶强度的原因是其可溶性组分（CaO/MgO）差异决定的；基于四川盆地白垩系含膏盐红层类岩溶的分析，提出用K＝(ABS(Vp类岩溶-Vp新鲜)／Vp新鲜)×100％来作为类岩溶强度评价因子；通过岩体声波Vp与岩体工程力学指标的回归关系，提出用类岩溶岩体声波Vp值来定量评价类岩溶弱化作用对岩体力学指标影响的初步方法。（8）以回龙宫隧洞围岩膨胀导致衬砌变形破坏机制的定性及数值模拟分析为典型实例，提出了膨胀岩隧洞施工、设计要点。

    Red bed rock distributes all around the world, and in China, most of it distributesin Northwest, Southwest and South of China, especially, it distributes widely,continuously and typically in Sichuan Basin, with dense population and advancedinfrastructure of industry and agriculture being there. However, total amount of waterresources in Sichuan Basin is poor, runoff-time pattern is not uniform, draught andflood happen very often, these have resticted the development of industry andagriculture. As for the water energy, it is less than West Mountain Area of SichuanProvince, but Sichuan basin area is closer to the demanded centre and with easytransportation condition, so the development condition of hydro power is better.Hence, there is much experience about water resources and hydro-electricity projectsin Sichuan Basin, which have built up a large amount of successful engineeringexamples and experience, meanwhile, there are some kinds of engineering geologicalproblems exist, such as, dam foundation rock sliding beneath the dam of HelongtanReservior Project; gypsum erosion of in dam foundation rock of GaofengshanHydro-power Project; rock-swelling in Huilonggon Tunnel,etc..At present, just half of water energy projects had been completed whilebuilt-ratio of irrigation area is only about11.5%in Red-bed rock area of the Basin, sothe water resources and hydro power construction in Sichuan red bed basin area has alarger development foreground in the future.Therefore, as for achievements or results of systematic and profound summary,analysis and researches on red bed rock property and its engineering geologicalproblems, there is much more project experience and lessons about the researchfoundation, wide real demand for the project practice, large and wide appliedforeground. According to the above, based on almost100large or medium water resourcesand hydro-power projects in Sichuan basin red bed rock area, the author with morethan20years work experience, refering to relative data in or out of China, carried outsystematical researches on major engineering geological problems in Sichuan Basinred bed rock mass, to provide theoretical and methological supporting for protectingand developing water resources&hydropower appropriately and effectively.Based on researches of red bed rock formation–transformation characters inSichuan Basin, the distributed rule of red bed rock lithologic characters, lithfacies andlitho-stratigraphic combination character is summarized in the dissertation, and thenthe physico-mechanical parameters come out through the analysis onphysico-mechanical test data of red bed rock in Sichuan Basin. Also, analysis anddiscussion on structure character about rock deposit formation of red bed rock massand it’s tectonically and epigenic transformation was finished, then, engineeringgeological zoning is going on. According to these above, researches on red bed rockstability and leakage problems in dam foundation have been carried out. At last,researches on some other particular geological problems in water resources andhydro-power project related to red bed rock mass such as pseudo-karst and swelling isdiscussed in the dissertation. Some major results of the dissertations are:（1）Based on almost100water resources and hydro-power project in SichuanBasin, the physico-mechanical and characters of red bed rock mass and some relatedgeological problems are systematically summarized; basic models of deformation andanti-sliding of dam foundation, as well as leakage of red bed dam rock mass with theirassessment methods are put forward, which provide basic thought-ways and methodsfor systematical analysis and evaluation on red bed rock mass engineeringgeological problems in water resources and hydro-power project.（2）Based he researches on the evolvement sedimentary facies, distributing andlitho-stratigraphic combination characters of red bed rock from Jurassic to Tertiarythroughout Sichuan basin, the thesis found the formation characters of the red bed inSichuan basin.（3）Based on the classifying, statistics and analyzing on test results nearly800sets of red bed rock in Sichuan basin,the thesis found that red bed rock is generally ofsoft rock,that is to say, the sand rock belongs to relative-soft rock（Rb=15～30Mpa）,pelitic rock in red bed rock area all belongs to soft rock（Rb=5～15MPa）or very-softrock（Rb≤5Mpa）. Generally speakihg, red bed rock is of soft rock, and the red bedrock mass is of hard layers and soft layere alternately in structure,the soft intercalationof the red bed rock mass usually exists between sand rock and pelitic rock or withinpelitic rock, and it spreads along the stratification plane of the rock. Authough red bedrok is generally belongs to soft rock, some sand rock is of mediumhard（Rb=3060MPa） to hard rock（≥60MPa）,some pelitic rock is is of relative soft rock（Rb=15～30Mpa）to medium hard（Rb=3060MPa）;these kind of red bedrelatively harder mainly exists northweast of Sichuan basin; the spacial distributingcharacters about the strenth of red bed rock throughout the Sichuan basin hassomething to do with the sedimentary environment.（4）According to the major factor of red bed rock formation and tectonictransformation, taking account of the topographic and hydrogeological condition etc.,the red bed rock mass in Sichuan basin is divided into3geological zones, that is:Northwest Basin zone （I）, Center Basin zone（II）, East Basin zone（III）; furtherlyNorthwest Basin zone （I） is divided into2secondary sector, Secondary East Basinsector（Ⅰ-1）and Secondary North Basin sector（Ⅰ-2）, also, the main geologicalproblems in the each zone has been analyzed and evaluated.（5）Based on the red bed rock mass structure characters,9classes of damfoundation deformation and9kind of model about anti-sliding stability of damfoundation is put foreword. The main geological elementary factor about each damfoundation deformation and anti-sliding stability are summarized, and the evaluationpoints to the corresponding problems is also put foreword in the dissertation.（6）Through the analysis on geological forming process of permeable zone in redbed rock mass, based on statistic and analyzing nearly4000sets of water-pressuretests data, the viewpoint that the formation of the permeability of red bed rock mass ismainly controlled by epigenic transformation such as weathering and unloading action.By numerical modeling and analyzing, basic rules of percolation through damfoundation and abutment,as well as the mainly designing points of anti-percolation inred bed rock area is gotten, that is to say, the objects of the anti percolation is thepermeable weatering rock mass, it is enough and safe for the projects.that the antipercolation curtain is just need going through weathered zone and gets into fresh rockwith suitable depth or length.（7）Based on the analyzing of Tongtou Project, the dissertation found that theintensity of pseudo-karst of conglomerate is lower than that of limestone, which iscontrolled or dominated by the difference of soluble components（CaO/MgO）ofthem. According to the analyzing on the erosion of red bed with gypsum K＝(ABS(Vppseduo-karst-Vpfresh)／Vpfresh)×100％,as an intensity evaluation factor ofpseudo-karst action is bring forward. Through the regression relationship analyzingbetween Vpand rock mass engineering mechanical index, a method for quantitativeevaluating the pseudo-karst weakening effect concerning rock mechanical index byrock mass sound wave value Vpis also put foreward in the dissertation.（8）Based on the typical project example about swelling of surrounding rockleads to liner brokening in Huilonggong Tunnel, according to the qualitative analysisand quantitative modeling of the deformation and failure mechanics, main points for constructing and designing in swelling rock tunnel is put forward.

四川盆地红层岩体主要水利水电工程地质问题系统研究

摘要4-6Abstract6-9目录10-14第1章 引言14-36    1.1 立题依据与研究意义14-22        1.1.1 中国红层区水利水电工程建设及常见的工程地质问题15-17        1.1.2 四川盆地红层与水利与水电建设工程17-21        1.1.3 选题依据及研究意义21-22    1.2 国内外研究现状22-31        1.2.1 红层形成的地质环境22-23        1.2.2 红层的岩石学特征23-24        1.2.3 红层岩体工程特征24-25        1.2.4 红层坝基岩体稳定25-27        1.2.5 红层坝基岩体渗漏27-28        1.2.6 红层岩体的特殊地质问题28-31    1.3 存在的主要问题31-32    1.4 研究思路与技术路线32-34    1.5 论文主要研究内容及创新成果34-36        1.5.1 主要研究内容34        1.5.2 论文创新点34-36第2章 四川盆地红层岩体建造-改造特征研究36-70    2.1 概述36-37    2.2 四川盆地红层成岩期岩相古地理演化史37-44        2.2.1 陆内坳陷盆地沉积期（J_1～J_2）38-40        2.2.2 山前坳陷盆地沉积期（J_2～K_1）40-42        2.2.3 陆内盆地萎缩期（K_1~E）42-44    2.3 四川盆地红层沉积环境、沉积相与岩性组合模式44-54        2.3.1 红层岩石沉积环境和沉积相44-50        2.3.2 四川盆地的红层岩石的岩性组合50-54    2.4 红层的岩石学特征54-61        2.4.1 物质组成54-60        2.4.2 结构与构造60-61    2.5 构造及表生改造作用61-68        2.5.1 构造改造作用62-65        2.5.2 表生改造作用65-68    2.6 小结68-70第3章 红层岩体物理力学特征70-110    3.1 与红层岩体物理力学指标相关的几个问题70-72        3.1.1 与红层岩石及岩体相关的概念及红层岩体分类70-71        3.1.2 红层岩石（体）的物理力学指标分类71-72    3.2 岩石物理力学特征72-87        3.2.1 不同时代岩石的物理力学试验成果统计分析73-76        3.2.2 各类岩石物理力学指标特征76-85        3.2.3 岩石物理指标与力学指标关系分析85-87    3.3 岩体力学特征87-107        3.3.1 红层岩体结构特征概述87-89        3.3.2 力学参数及其取值概述89        3.3.3 红层岩体现场试验成果及相关规律89-101        3.3.4 红层岩体软弱夹层特征分析101-107    3.4 小结107-110第4章 四川盆地红层工程地质分区及水利水电工程地质问题概述110-120    4.1 四川盆地红层工程地质分区110-112        4.1.1 工程地质分区的形成及分区要素110-111        4.1.2 工程地质分区111-112    4.2 红层地区与坝型选择的工程地质问题112-117        4.2.1 红层坝基岩体总体特征及其建坝适宜性的初步评价113-115        4.2.2 大坝所需天然建筑材料特点及总体评价115-117        4.2.3 坝型选择及已建水利水电工程坝型统计分析117    4.3 红层岩体水利水电工程地质问题概述117-118        4.3.1 红层建坝岩体稳定问题118        4.3.2 红层岩体渗漏118        4.3.3 红层岩体特殊工程地质问题118    4.4 小结118-120第5章 红层坝基岩体稳定分析120-135    5.1 红层坝基岩体变形120-127        5.1.1 概述120-121        5.1.2 与坝基岩体变形相关的红层坝基岩体分类121-122        5.1.3 各类岩体主要变形特点及其变形问题分析122-125        5.1.4 不同变形类别的红层坝基岩体工程实例125-127        5.1.5 小结127    5.2 红层坝基岩体抗滑稳定127-135        5.2.1 概述127-128        5.2.2 红层岩体抗剪强度特点128        5.2.3 红层岩体坝基抗滑稳定类型128-132        5.2.4 红层岩体坝基抗滑稳定工程实例分析132-133        5.2.5 小结133-135第6章 红层渗漏问题研究135-157    6.1 红层透水带的形成与分布135-137        6.1.1 透水带的形成135-136        6.1.2 红层河谷岩体透水带分布特点136-137    6.2 红层岩体透水带特点137-139        6.2.1 与渗透特性相关红层岩体分类137-138        6.2.2 不同类别红层岩体渗透特点138-139    6.3 坝址区渗漏与防渗设计要点139-155        6.3.1 概述139-142        6.3.2 河床坝基渗漏的数值模拟分析142-146        6.3.3 绕坝渗漏的数值模拟分析146-151        6.3.4 红层岩体坝址区渗漏评价151-155    6.4 坝址区防渗设计原则及要点探讨155-157第7章 红层岩体特殊工程地质问题157-179    7.1 红层类岩溶157-168        7.1.1 砾岩类岩溶157-161        7.1.2 含膏盐的泥质岩类岩溶161-168    7.2 类岩溶小结168-169    7.3 红层膨胀岩169-179        7.3.1 概述170-172        7.3.2 膨胀岩与引水隧洞围岩的变形破坏实例分析172-175        7.3.3 膨胀围岩隧洞衬砌变形破坏机制分析175-177        7.3.4 膨胀岩隧洞设计施工要点177-179结论179-182参考文献182-188致谢188-189攻读博士学位期间取得的主要学术成果189    1. 参与的科研项目189    2. 公开发表的学术论文189

  本文关键词：四川盆地红层岩体主要水利水电工程地质问题系统研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。