反不正当竞争法一般条款具体化研究

发布时间：2018-03-13 03:35

本文选题：不正当竞争　切入点：一般条款　出处：《南京大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在反不正当竞争法中,一般条款占据着核心地位,是认定全部不正当竞争行为的基础。我国的司法机关利用《反不正当竞争法》第二条认定了大量未被立法明确规定的不正当竞争行为,是实质上的一般条款。由于一般条款只提供了价值判断的方向而未提供具体的认定标准,需要法官在适用时加以补充,因此一般条款是授权法官“造法”的条款,而如何保障依抽象原则创造的判决规范具有客观妥当性,是本文探讨的核心问题。依据一般条款认定不正当竞争行为,要掌握两个要件,一是行为人从事的是竞争行为,二是该行为不正当。所谓竞争行为,就是争取竞争优势的行为,而不正当竞争行为,就是在争取竞争优势的过程中违背了诚实信用原则,采用了不正当的手段。竞争行为“不正当”,需要综合衡量行为所采用的手段和所造成的损害后果两个方面,这两个方面呈现动态相关性,系统地对不正当竞争行的判断发生作用。竞争行为本身就会带来此消彼涨的效果,增加自身的竞争优势,削弱竞争对手的优势是竞争的常态,所以竞争行为给对手带来损害是正常的,只有超出正常的损害才可能引起规制。一般说来,行为的不道德性越明显,对造成损害的要求越低；而行为的不道德性越轻微,对损害的要求则相对增强,所以不正当竞争是综合判断的结果。根据竞争者获取竞争优势所采用的不正当竞争手段的不同,一般条款可以类型化为不当利用他人竞争优势、破坏他人竞争优势、不当增长自身竞争优势三大类,再具体细分可分为八种不正当竞争行为。不当利用他人竞争优势是竞争者将他人的竞争优势通过不正当手段无偿转移到自己身上,为自己获取竞争利益的行为。在市场中,声誉良好的商业标识是能够带来竞争优势的经营资本,一些经营者不是通过自身的积累和努力,而是采用不劳而获或搭便车的手段,模仿和利用他人的商业标识,来获取交易机会和竞争优势,就涉嫌不正当竞争。除仿冒和利用他人的商业标识外,还有无偿利用他人的经营成果,如未经许可擅自使用他人不具有独创性的数据库,未申请专利的外观设计等,均是利用他人竞争优势的不劳而获行为。破坏他人的竞争优势是经营者为了在竞争中胜出,通过干扰和破坏他人经营的方式,削弱他人的竞争优势为自己在竞争中获胜创造条件。这些行为包括干扰竞争对手的经营、拦截对手的商业机会,对竞争对手进行不公正评价。干扰竞争对手在实践中主要表现为：故意利用自己的软件去攻击竞争对手的软件,使对手的软件不能正常下载、安装和使用；或通过一定的技术手段,在他人搜索引擎的搜索结果页面上强行增加行为人设置的广告链接,引导网络用户访问被链网站；也有一些知识产权权利人滥用权利,恶意发函干扰他人的正常经营。拦截对手的商业机会,是将竞争对手投入人力、物力等开发出来的较为稳定的销售渠道或客户资源,通过不正当手段夺取据为己有。不公正评价竞争者,是经营者采用以偏盖全的评价,暗示、联想性的评价,不确定的评价来贬低竞争对手的商誉。这些破坏他人竞争优势的行为污染了竞争空气,败坏了商业氛围,损害了竞争理念,应当通过一般条款予以规制。不正当增加竞争优势主要是针对消费者从事的不正当竞争行为。经营者吸引顾客,获取交易机会应当通过正当的销售手段,如果采用了对消费者进行误导、压迫、骚扰的手段进行促销,诱捕顾客,是一种破坏竞争秩序、损害消费者利益的行为。在市场竞争中,经营者如果违反国家为实现市场管理的功能所制定的各种管理性规范,可能因此获得了比诚实守法的经营者更多的竞争优势,此时违法行为也可能同时构成不正当竞争。本文考察了我国法院审理这些案件所采取的裁判规则,再通过法理分析、比较分析、经济分析等各种方法对实务中的规则进行检讨和评析,在此基础上,总结出各个类型案件的适用条件,以作为同类案件裁判参考的依据。
[Abstract]:In the anti unfair competition law, general clause occupies a central position, is the foundation that all acts of unfair competition. The judicial organs of China by the "Anti Unfair Competition Law > second identified a lot is not clear legislative acts of unfair competition, is the essence of the general terms because of the general. Clause only provides value judgment direction without providing specific criteria, the judges need to be added when applicable, so the general terms" clause is the judge made law "authorized, and how to protect the judgment according to specification of abstract principle creation is the objective validity is the core issue of this paper. On the basis of general clause identification acts of unfair competition, to master the two elements, one is the behavior of people engaged in the competition, the two is the acts of unfair competition. The behavior is to gain the competitive advantage and the behavior of the acts of unfair competition That is in the process of obtaining the competitive advantage in violation of the principle of honesty and credit, by dishonest means. "Unfair" competition behavior, two aspects need to evaluate behavior by the means and the damage caused by the consequences of the two aspects of the dynamic correlation system of unfair competition for the judgment. Competition behavior itself will bring the fluctuation effect, increase their competitive advantage, competition advantage is weakening competition norm, so the competition behavior to damage the opponent is normal, just beyond the normal damage it may cause regulation. Generally speaking, the more obvious of immoral behavior the lower, cause damage to the requirements; and acts of immorality is more slightly, the damage is relatively increased, so the unfair competition is a comprehensive judgment of the results. According to the competitors to obtain competitive advantage Unfair competition means the different general terms can be typed into the improper use of others to destroy another competitive advantage, competitive advantage, competitive advantage of improper growth of three categories, then the specific segments can be divided into eight kinds of acts of unfair competition. The competitive advantage is the improper use of other competitors will the competitive advantage of the free transfer to others his body through improper means to obtain competitive interests for their own behavior. In the market, the good reputation of the commercial logo is able to bring the competitive advantage of business capital, some operators not through their own efforts and accumulation, but the unearned or hitchhike means of imitation and use the other commercial signs for trading the opportunity and competitive advantage, is suspected of unfair competition. In addition to counterfeiting and the use of other people's business logo, and free to use other people's operating results, such as without permission Can the unauthorized use of others is not original database, no patent for appearance design, all is the use of competitive advantage for others behavior. The destruction of others is the competitive advantage of operators in order to win in the competition, the interference and destruction of operating mode, weaken the competitive advantage of others and create conditions for their win in the competition these behaviors include competitors interference management, blocking off business opportunities for unfair competition. To evaluate competitors interference mainly in practice: the intentional use of their software to attack rival software, the rival software not download, install and use; or through certain technical means the search engine results page in others impose increased setting behavior of advertising links, guide users on the network to access the chain website there; Some of the owners of intellectual property rights abuse, malicious interference of others. The normal operation will intercept rival business opportunities, will rival investment in human and material resources, developed a more stable sales channels and customer resources, through improper means to win for themselves. Not fair evaluation is used to evaluate the competitors, operators, partial cover all that Lenovo of the evaluation, evaluation of uncertainty to belittle competitors goodwill. These destroy others' competitive advantage of competition of air pollution behavior, corrupt business atmosphere, harm competition concept, it should be regulated by the general clause. The improper increase competitive advantage is mainly aimed at consumers engaged in acts of unfair competition the operators to attract customers, obtain the transaction opportunity should be through the proper means of sales, if used to mislead consumers, oppression and harassment means For promotion, customer is a trap, destroy the competition order, damage the interests of the consumers. In the market competition, if the operator violates the state formulated in order to realize the market management function of various management norms, may thus be more honest than the operator's competitive advantage, this may also constitute violations unfair competition. This paper examines China's courts in these cases the referee rules, again through legal analysis, comparative analysis, economic analysis and other methods to conduct a review and comments on the practice of the rules, on this basis, summarizes the applicable conditions of various types of cases, as the basis of similar cases referee reference.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.294

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