小型无感无刷直流电机控制系统设计与研究

发布时间：2018-08-20 08:29

【摘要】：随着科技的发展,人们对直流电机的要求不断提高,已不满足于传统的无刷直流电机在工业实际应用中存在的各种弊端。无传感器无刷直流电机利用间接测量转子位置的方法取代了利用传感器检测的方法,可以有效地解决传感器给系统带来的诸多问题,因此对其控制系统的研究具有十分重要的意义。本课题主要针对小型无感无刷直流电机进行研究,阐述了无传感器在工业生产中的优势,对现有的无感控制原理,包括转子位置检测、启动方案等进行了深入的研究,着重分析了反电动势过零检测法的基本原理以及在位置检测和电机换相过程中的实际应用,设计了以Atmega8为控制核心的无感无刷直流电机控制系统。论文首先介绍了无感无刷直流电机的基本结构和运行原理,并构建出其数学模型。其次从转子位置检测方法、电机启动方案以及PWM调制方式三个方面介绍了国内外现有电机控制方案,通过对比确定了本文论所需用到的控制方法。随后进行了系统硬件设计,在明确了系统所需要的功能的基础上,绘制了电压检测、电流检测电路以及通信模块电路,在掌握了六臂全桥驱动原理的基础上设计了驱动电路,并以反电动势过零检测法和换相原理为依据设计了反电势检测电路。之后进行了系统软件设计,采用了模块化的设计思想,用C语言编写了电流电压检测模块、定时器及PWM发生模块、过零检测与换相模块、启动模块和通信模块的相应程序。最后,本论文对所设计的控制系统进行了实验,得到了电机在运行中的波形。试验结果达到了预期的效果,能够使电机正常、平稳的运行。
[Abstract]:With the development of science and technology, the demand for DC motor is increasing, which is not satisfied with the disadvantages of traditional brushless DC motor in industrial application. Sensorless brushless DC motor uses indirect measurement of rotor position instead of sensor detection, which can effectively solve many problems brought by sensor to the system. Therefore, the study of its control system is of great significance. This paper mainly focuses on the research of small sensorless brushless DC motor, expounds the advantages of sensorless in industrial production, and makes a deep research on the existing sensorless control principle, including rotor position detection, starting scheme and so on. The basic principle of the zero-crossing detection method of backEMF and its practical application in position detection and motor commutation are analyzed emphatically. A brushless DC motor control system with Atmega8 as the control core is designed. This paper first introduces the basic structure and operation principle of sensorless brushless DC motor, and constructs its mathematical model. Secondly, this paper introduces the existing motor control schemes at home and abroad from three aspects: rotor position detection method, motor starting scheme and PWM modulation method, and determines the control methods used in this paper through comparison. Then the hardware design of the system is carried out. On the basis of defining the functions needed by the system, the voltage detection, current detection circuit and communication module circuit are drawn, and the driving circuit is designed on the basis of mastering the six-arm full-bridge driving principle. A reverse EMF detection circuit is designed based on the reverse EMF zero-crossing detection method and the commutation principle. After that, the system software is designed, the modular design idea is adopted, the current and voltage detecting module, timer and PWM generating module, zero crossing detection and commutation module, starting module and communication module are programmed with C language. Finally, the design of the control system is experimented and the waveform of the motor in operation is obtained. The test results have achieved the desired effect and can make the motor run normally and smoothly.
【学位授予单位】：天津科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TM33;TP273

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