西北旱区农业水土资源利用分区及其匹配特征研究

发布时间：2018-01-11 20:28

本文关键词：西北旱区农业水土资源利用分区及其匹配特征研究　出处：《中国科学院研究生院（教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心）》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：水土资源是农业生产的核心资源，也是粮食生产的战略资源,其态势关系到我国粮食生产的安全性和稳定性。近年来，我国由人口增长和经济发展带来的水土资源需求与其本身的稀缺性、有限性之间的矛盾越来越大，使得水土资源管理成为全世界关注的对象和焦点问题，尤其对于水土资源利用问题较为严重的干旱地区更是受到国内外学者的普遍重视。西北地区地域辽阔，光热土资源丰富，是中国重要的粮食生产后备基地。但该区地形复杂，地貌类型多样，沙漠、丘陵、平原、山地等多种类型并存，区域间自然地理分异明显，社会经济发展水平差异较大。在这种情况下，认识西北旱区的自然地理分异特征及农业水土资源利用现状，成为实现农业水土资源高效可持续利用的重要前提和基础，对于制定合理的水土资源管理措施和规划方案具有重要的指导意义。本研究以充分利用现有资料和技术为支撑条件，通过结合地理学、气候学、农学、生态学和统计学等相关理论和方法，并综合运用调查研究、定性分析与定量研究相结合以及理论分析与实践相结合等方法，分析西北旱区的干湿气候特征及农业水土资源的利用现状，在进行西北旱区地理范围重新界定的基础上，对西北旱区农业水土资源利用状况进行分区，识别不同区域农业水土资源利用的特征、方向，确立西北旱区农业水土资源利用的分区方案；同时，建立能够反映区域农业水土资源丰缺程度和匹配特征的计算评价方法，分析西北旱区农业水土资源的匹配状况，探讨实现不同分区农业水土资源有效匹配的途径和措施，从而为农业水土资源管理方案和高效利用模式的制定提供理论基础。主要的研究内容及结论如下：（1）对西北旱区的地理范围进行了重新界定。基于以往西北旱区地理范围研究中的缺陷问题，以近30年（1981-2010）气象观测资料为基础，通过选取降水量、蒸发量、相对湿度、降水变率等多个变量在内的干湿气候区划因子，运用因子聚类法从统计学角度对西北干湿气候特征进行研究。并基于对旱区概念及其基本类型的认识，对西北旱区地理范围进行了界定，同时将其与传统分类方法进行对比，分析二者之间的区别及其原因所在。结果显示：主要的地形地貌成为不同干湿气候类型区间的重要分界标志；因子聚类法能较好反映区域的干湿气候特征，有效识别地形地貌等在区域干湿气候区划中的作用。研究认为旱区是指以气候干旱为基本特征的资源型缺水地区，包括了干旱、半干旱和半湿润易旱区三种干湿气候类型。西北旱区的范围包括了新疆、青海、甘肃和宁夏四省的全部，陕西关中平原与陕北高原及内蒙古锡林郭勒盟以西地区，总面积为3.69106km2，占全国国土面积的38.4%。（2）建立了农业水土资源利用分区的指标框架结构。以农业水土资源利用分区的基本理论内涵为基础，考虑农业水土资源供、用、耗、需等特点，将供需理论与DPSIR（Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response）模型相结合，建立了以供给能力、需求水平、开发利用条件、利用现状和限制因子五种要素特征为基本层次的指标框架结构，并以内蒙古巴彦淖尔为例对该指标框架的合理性进行了验证和分析。结果表明：受黄河引水、取水条件和阴山山脉的影响，巴彦淖尔市农业水土资源利用由西向东、由南向北呈现明显的区域差异特征，区域农业水土资源利用方式、方向的差异与水资源的供给条件有密切联系。通过调查和分析，结合巴彦淖尔市的实际情况，表明所建立的分区指标体系是合理的，该指标框架能够指导农业水土资源利用分区指标体系的建立和分区特征的识别。（3）识别了西北旱区农业水土资源利用的分区特征。基于所建立的分区指标框架，考虑指标筛选的基本原则，以市级（区）为基本单元，确定各分区指标的数值。采用主成分分析与系统聚类相结合的方法，建立农业水土资源利用的分区方案，结合实地调查和综合研究，对分区结果进行分析和比较，研究各分区农业水土资源利用的特征及规律性。结果显示西北旱区农业水土资源利用主要表现为四种类型的分区特征：以农为主的灌溉农业区、农牧结合的旱作农业区、不具备农业发展优势的工矿区以及以林牧业为主农、林、牧兼营的高山、丘陵沟壑区。各分区指标与综合分区因子之间的相关性分析结果表明，耕地灌溉率和单位耕地面积化肥用量两个影响因子在区域农业水土资源开发利用中发挥着重要作用。其中在水资源供给条件相对优越的情况下，区域农业水土资源的利用向灌溉农业和林果业方向发展；在水资源短缺的情况下则形成了旱作农业的耕作方式，以及以工矿业代替农业主要地位的区域生产发展类型。单位耕地面积化肥用量在55kg/亩时，农业水土资源的综合产出水平最高。综合结果表明水肥管理是提高西北旱区农业水土资源综合产出水平的关键和重要途径。分区结果也显示，灌溉农业主要集中在水资源供给充足且土地肥沃的盆地、平原地区，而对于高山、丘陵、沟壑峡谷等地形导致的耕地资源匮乏区，则形成了以林果业为特色的农业生产类型；水资源缺乏情况下，宜农的地区形成了旱作生产的耕作方式，而土地贫瘠但矿产资源丰富的地区，在比较优势影响下，则形成了以工矿业为主的区域经济发展特征。表明农业水土资源利用类型、方向与土地资源的肥沃程度关系密切。表明区位优势、资源优势以及自然地域的分异在农业水土资源的开发利用中发挥着重要作用，引导着水土资源向不同的方向发展。（4）建立了农业水土资源匹配和资源短缺评价的方法，，分析了西北旱区农业水土资源空间匹配的特征，探讨了实现不同分区农业水土资源有效匹配的措施和途径。从广义农业水资源角度出发，对西北旱区农业水土资源的空间匹配特征以及蓝、绿水资源与农业水土资源匹配指数的关系进行了分析，并结合资源当量系数，建立了衡量农业水土资源丰缺程度的评价方法。结果表明：西北旱区农业水土资源匹配指数较高的地区主要分布在气候极为干旱的灌溉农业区，而较低的地区主要分布在以雨养农业或牧草业为主的旱作区，且蓝、绿水之间比例越大的地区，农业水土资源匹配指数越高。其中蓝水资源量与农业水土资源匹配指数成正相关的线性关系；绿水资源在350mm左右时，农业水土资源匹配指数最低。以旱作农业为主的半干旱气候区，以及降水资源较为丰富的半湿润易旱区或高山融水资源相对充足地区均表现为耕地资源的严重短缺状态；而以极干旱和干旱气候类型为主的地区，不仅农业水土资源匹配指数较高，农业水土资源当量系数也基本在1.5以上，形成了严重的水资源短缺区。结果表明了西北旱区农业水土资源处于极不平衡的状态，水资源的形成区与消耗区在空间上存在严重的分离现象。以此为基础，结合农业水土资源利用的分区特征，探讨了实现不同类型区农业水土资源有效匹配的途径和措施。
[Abstract]:Water resource is the core resource of agricultural production, but also the strategic resources of grain production, the situation is related to China's grain production safety and stability. In recent years, the scarcity of water resources demand in China caused by population growth and economic development and the contradiction between the limited nature, more and more big, the water and soil resources management has become the object of concern throughout the world and the focus of the problem, especially in arid areas for the use of the more serious problems of water and soil resources is paid attention to by the scholars at home and abroad. The northwest region is vast, light land rich in resources, is an important grain production base China reserve. But the area of complex terrain, landform types, desert. The hills, plains, mountains and other types, regional natural geographical difference, the difference of economic and social development level. In this case, the natural understanding of western North arid region The characteristics of differentiation and the utilization of agricultural water and soil resources have become an important prerequisite and foundation for achieving efficient and sustainable utilization of agricultural soil and water resources. It has important guiding significance for formulating reasonable management measures and planning schemes for water and soil resources.
In this study, in order to make full use of existing information and technology to support conditions, through the combination of geography, climatology, agriculture, ecology and statistics and other relevant theories and methods, research and comprehensive use of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, theoretical analysis and practice of a combination of methods, the analysis of the present condition and characteristics of dry wet climate in Northwest Arid Region Agricultural Soil and water resources, based on geography in northwest arid region to re define the scope on the partition of the utilization of agricultural soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China, characteristics of agricultural soil and water resources in different regions to identify the direction, establish the partition scheme of soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China agricultural utilization; at the same time, the establishment of the evaluation method can reflect the regional abundance of agricultural soil and water resources the lack of the degree and feature matching, analysis, status of soil and water resources in northwest arid region of agriculture, to achieve different agricultural zoning The effective matching ways and measures of soil and water resources will provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of agricultural soil and water resources management plan and efficient utilization mode.
(1) the geographical scope of the northwest dryland is redefined.
The defects in the study of the geographical area in Northwest Arid Region Based on the recent 30 years (1981-2010) meteorological data as the basis, through the selection of precipitation, evaporation, relative humidity, precipitation variability and other variables, the dry and wet climate zoning factor, using the factor clustering method from the perspective of statistics on the northwest dry and wet climate features were studied. Based on the understanding of the concept and basic types of arid regions, defines the northwest arid region geographic range, and compares it with traditional classification method, the difference and the reasons between two were analyzed. The results show that the main landform has become an important boundary between different types of dry and wet climate region; factor cluster method can reflect the regional characteristics of dry and wet climate, topography and other effective recognition in the wet climate division in the region of arid regions. That refers to the dry climate as the base The characteristics of the water resources shortage area, including the arid, semi-arid and semi humid and arid regions of three kinds of dry and wet climate types. The scope of the northwest arid region including Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia four provinces, Shaanxi and the Northern Shaanxi plateau, Guanzhong Plain and Inner Mongolia west of Xilinguole Meng in the area, the total area of 3.69106km2, the country's total land area 38.4%.
(2) the index frame structure of the utilization of agricultural water and soil resources is established.
Based on the basic theory of the connotation of partition of the utilization of agricultural soil and water resources as the foundation, considering the agricultural soil and water resources supply, use, consumption, demand characteristics, supply and demand theory and DPSIR (Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) model is established based on the combination of supply capacity, the level of demand, the conditions of exploitation and utilization, utilization situation and restriction factor of five kinds of elements as the index the frame structure of basic level, and taking Inner Mongolia Bayannaoer as an example of the rationality of the index framework was verified and analyzed. The results showed that: the Yellow River water diversion, water conditions and effects of Yinshan Mountain, from west to East, utilization of agricultural soil and water resources in Bayannaoer City, from south to North showed significant regional differences characteristics of agricultural soil and water resources the area is closely related to the difference of the direction and water supply conditions. Through the investigation and analysis, combining the actual situation of Bayannaoer city table The index system of zoning established in Ming Dynasty is reasonable, and the index framework can guide the establishment of agricultural water and soil resources utilization area index system and the identification of regional characteristics.
(3) the regional characteristics of the utilization of agricultural soil and water resources in the arid areas of Northwest China are identified.
The partition index framework based on the basic principles, consider screening indicators, to the municipal (District) as the basic unit, determine the numerical index of each partition. Using the method of principal component analysis and system clustering combination, the establishment of zoning scheme of agricultural soil and water resources utilization, combined with field investigation and comprehensive study, analysis and comparison of the result of division, research the characteristics and laws of regional agricultural soil and water resources utilization.
The partition is mainly characterized by the four types of soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China agricultural utilization result: Agricultural Irrigation District Based on agriculture, agriculture and animal husbandry in dry farming areas, do not have the advantages of agricultural development in industrial and mining areas and agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry in animal husbandry forest, mountain, hilly and gully region. The correlation analysis between indicators each partition and partition factor comprehensive results show that arable land irrigation rate and fertilizer two factors play an important role in the area of agricultural soil and water resources development and utilization of water resources. The supply condition of the superior case, utilization of agricultural soil and water resources area to irrigated agriculture and forestry in the direction of development; the shortage of water resources under the condition of the formation of dry farming tillage, regional production development type and to the mining industry instead of agricultural main position. The unit of cultivated land area The comprehensive output level of agricultural soil and water resources is the highest when the amount of chemical fertilizer is 55kg/ mu. The comprehensive results show that water and fertilizer management is the key and important way to improve the comprehensive output level of agricultural soil and water resources in arid areas of Northwest China.
The partition results also show that the agricultural irrigation water resources are mainly concentrated in the supply of adequate and fertile basin, plain area, and for the mountains, hills, lack of farmland resources area gully valleys and other terrain caused by formation of the types of agricultural production to Horticulture characteristic; the shortage of water resources under the condition of appropriate farming area formation the production of dry farming, and barren land but rich in mineral resources in the region, comparative advantage is formed under the influence of the characteristics of regional economic development in the mining industry. The show type of utilization of agricultural soil and water resources, land resources and the fertile degree close relationship. That location advantage, resource advantage and natural environment differentiation in the development and utilization of agricultural water resources plays an important role in guiding development of the water and soil resources in different directions.
(4) establishment of the matching method of agricultural water and soil resources and resource shortage evaluation. The characteristics of the spatial matching of agricultural water and soil resources in the arid area of Northwest China were analyzed, and the measures and ways to achieve effective matching of agricultural soil and water resources in different regions were discussed.
Starting from the generalized angle of agricultural water resources, agricultural water and soil resources in northwest arid region spatial feature matching and blue and green water resources, relationship between agricultural water and soil resources matching index are analyzed, and combined with the resource equivalent coefficient, established the evaluation method to measure agricultural soil and water resources abundance. The results show that the agricultural soil and water resources in the arid region of northwest, index the higher areas are mainly distributed in agricultural irrigation district climate is extremely dry, while the lower area mainly distributed in rainfed agriculture or pasture grass dominated arid area, and the blue green water, the greater the proportion between regions, agricultural soil and water resources, the higher the index. The blue water resources and agricultural water and soil resources matching the index is linear positive correlation; green water resources around 350mm, agricultural water and soil resources, the lowest index.
The semi arid climate region mainly to dry farming, a serious shortage of state and precipitation resources more abundant in the semi humid area prone to drought or alpine areas of relatively abundant water resources were cultivated land resources; and in arid and semi-arid type of climate in the region, not only agricultural soil and water resources, a high index of agricultural soil and water resources are basically equivalent coefficient in 1.5, the formation of water resources shortage is serious. The results show that the agricultural soil and water resources in arid regions of Northwest China in a very unbalanced state of water resources formation and consumption area in separation phenomenon is serious. On this basis, combined with the regional characteristics of agricultural soil and water resources utilization, discusses the ways and measures of implementation agricultural soil and water resources in different regions, effectively.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院研究生院（教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心）
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F323.2

【参考文献】