政治生态学视野中的黄河河源生态意象和纷争

发布时间：2018-01-07 07:31

本文关键词：政治生态学视野中的黄河河源生态意象和纷争　出处：《中央民族大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：以政治生态学视野来关注当今环境问题,正在逐渐成为西方人类学领域研究的一大趋势。本文试图通过该理论来研究中国个案,关注自2004年起被不同声音包围着的三江源退牧还草与生态移民项目。笔者以黄河源头藏区草原为研究对象,重点分析环保事件背后的文化投射、政治权力及生态话语张力等内容,力求呈现一个真实的环保事件。本文的中心问题是针对目前三江源草原被破坏的现状,该研究尝试回答黄河源头轰轰烈烈的退牧还草与生态移民项目究竟执行的如何,环保项目设立的出发点和目的是什么,探寻牧民究竟是草原天然的守护者,还是草原退化的罪魁祸首。本文主要运用政治生态学领域三种互为对应并补充的理论视角。其一为“社会建构论”,笔者试图构建黄河源环境保护项目中不同群体的差异视角,而这些不同视角所展示的正是不同文化背景与知识体系的反映。其二是“政治权力角逐与资源分配”视角,我们看到黄河源头环保事件并非简单的生态事件,而是政治权力和话语夹杂其中。牧民在选择与调适过程中靠“弱者的武器”达到表达自我立场的目的,国家话语与地方话语之间存在着分歧、争执,相互的借取、援引,呈现了一幅复杂的生态政治图景。其三是后现代、后殖民“发展”话语在当下的崭新解读,牧民在“发展”话语的影响与教导下,已经与市场化、资本流通等概念挂钩,草原文化正在成为“混杂文化”。而主流社会推动的“发展”话语掩盖了黄河源头环保项目的本质。那么,政府大幅度推行环保的动机究竟是为了源头生态保护呢,还是要通过环保手段来达到维持黄河中下游经济发展的最终目的? 本文的基本资料来自4次共计7个月时间的田野调查,在参与观察和文献收集基础上得以完成。本文的第一章首先抛出国际舆论争议,引出问题,接着从三个方面梳理政治生态学理论,以及国内外学者关于藏区草原变迁与生态移民研究综述。在理论回顾和研究综述基础上,笔者提出本研究的独特视角,即通过考察国家与地方两层面对黄河源头草原的不同认识,来挖掘不同文化背景与逻辑,并敏锐观察到环保事件背后双方群体之间的权力张力与复杂交锋过程,“发展”话语在其中起着不可忽视的作用。第二、三章呈现了黄河的中华民族母亲河地位是如何通过历史流变得以确立。从古时善恶同体的河神形象到民国时期母亲河形象的出现,在该意义流变过程中,浴血奋战的抗日战争奠定了黄河的伟大地位,自解放后这种地位不断得以攀升。黄河中下游出现污染与干涸等环境问题时,政府采取了部分整治行动；而当黄河源头断流危机呈现时,引起各界一片惊呼,呼吁中国政府尽快确立相应政策以保护整条流域的水资源,此时三江源国家级保护区应运而生第四、五、六章展现了果洛地区概括,包括历史地理人文民俗等,并清晰呈现了几十年历史里黄河源头草原如何完成了从“传统”话语到“发展”话语的转变。随着唯经济论的强调,二十世纪八十年代初计划经济体制下的玛多县成为“全国首富”,这是真实事件还仅是一场迷思?随后市场经济带来更加强大的“发展”话语,伴随牲畜作价到户和草场承包到户,牧民已经在市场体系下“被发展”、“被改造”,当地形成新的“混杂文化”。第七章揭示了“环保”话语如何在黄河源头生态危机后产生。中国政府进行了迄今为止投资力度最大的生态保护项目,其目的在于防止牧民“过牧”。笔者试图探讨分析该项目所依托的草原平衡理论范式,这种基于“发展”话语的范式,表面看似是“保护环境”的策略,实则隐藏的是为黄河中下游带来更多“发展”机遇的雄心与期望。第八、九章展现了放下羊鞭进入城镇的牧民生活现状和巨大的衣食住行变化。在遭遇一系列困难时,当地人巧妙地通过“弱者的武器”和“隐藏的文本”来表达对于传统美好牧区生活的想象。移民村内对移民项目的私地下抱怨、非正式的底层反抗在社会网络的隐匿下得以顺利进行,援引和利用官方话语来为自己争取利益成为移民最常使用的生活策略。第十章回应了导论中提出的四大问题,还原了一个真实的环保事件,笔者认为将当地生态和当地人生活本质化的概念需要修正,而对于“发展”话语的反思更为必要,黄河源个案经验告诉我们,生态问题其实是发展模式问题,如果没有对现代性和发展主义彻底地反省,最终会导致反面的后果。总之,本文虽然以解构主义角度分析复杂的环保事件,但目的不是要否定政府实施退牧还草与生态移民项目的努力与意义,而是希望更深层次地挖掘可以滋养环境论述的文化土壤,透过复杂生态话语折射出来的各方姿态,提醒我们寻找国际国内现实背景下应对复杂环保事件的适当方式和策略,促进不同群体之间的理解与交流。
[Abstract]:In the view of political ecology to pay attention to today's environmental problems, is gradually become a major trend in the research field of western anthropology. This paper tries to analyze the theory to study the Chinese case, attention since 2004 by different surrounded by the sound of Sanjiang source of pasture and ecological migration project. According to the source of the the Yellow River Tibetan Grassland as the research object, the key the analysis of cultural events behind the environmental protection project, political power and Ecological Discourse tension etc., tries to present a real environmental events.
This paper is according to the current situation of Sanjiang source of grassland is destroyed, the study attempts to answer back the source of the Yellow River animal husbandry is grass and ecological migrants with vigour and vitality of the project is executed, what is the starting point of the establishment of environmental protection projects and to explore what is the natural grassland herdsmen guardian, or grassland degradation arch-criminal.
This paper mainly uses three kinds of political ecology theory and the corresponding mutual supplement. The "social constructivism", the author tries to construct the different view of different groups of the Yellow River source environmental protection projects, and these different perspectives on display reflects different cultural background and knowledge system. The second is "political power competition and resource allocation perspective, we see the source of the Yellow River environmental protection ecological event event is not simple, but the political power and discourse with them. And by" weapons of the weak "in the selection and adjustment process to achieve the purpose of self expression position, there are differences between national discourse and local discourse conflict, mutual borrowing. Quotes, presents a picture of ecological political complex. The third is the post-modern, post colonial discourse" development "in the current new interpretation of herdsmen in" development "words. Response and guidance, and has the market, capital circulation concept linked, grassland culture is becoming a "mixed culture". While the mainstream society to promote the "development" discourse covers the source of the Yellow River environmental protection project of the nature. So the government greatly promoting environmental protection motivation what is the source of ecological protection, or through environmental protection means to achieve the ultimate goal of downstream to maintain economic development in the Yellow River?
The basic information of this paper comes from 4 field surveys in a total of 7 months, which is completed on the basis of participation in observation and literature collection.
The first chapter of this article first throws international public controversy, leads to the problem, then from the three aspects of political ecology theory, as well as domestic and foreign scholars research on Tibetan Grassland and ecological migration changes. In theory and on the basis of research, the author puts forward the unique perspective of this research, namely, through the investigation of national and local two in different understanding the source of the Yellow River grassland, to explore the different cultural background and logic, power tension and complex confrontation process and keen observation to environmental events between the groups behind both sides, "development" discourse plays a role can not be ignored.
The second, third chapter presents the status of the Yellow River Chinese mother river to be established through history. Since ancient times are good and evil god image to image of the mother river of the Republic of China, in the sense of process, the bloody war laid a great position in the Yellow River, since this position continues to rise after the liberation of the Yellow River. Lower pollution and dry and other environmental problems, the government has taken some action; and when the source of the the Yellow River crisis has aroused devascularization, exclaimed, called for China government as soon as possible to establish the corresponding policies to protect the whole basin water resources, the Sanjiang source of national protection zone came into being
Fourth, fifth, the six chapter shows the Guoluo Region summary, including the history of geographical and cultural customs, and clearly show the history of several decades in the source of the Yellow River grassland how to complete from the "traditional" Discourse "to change the development of discourse". As the only economic theory that, at the beginning of 1980s under the planned economic system become the richest man in Maduo County "this is a real story is only a myth? Then the market economy brings more powerful" development "discourse, with the price to farmers and livestock herders pasture contract households, has been in the market under the system of" development "," transformation ", the local formation of a new" hybrid culture ".
The seventh chapter reveals the "green" discourse on how to produce the source of the Yellow River ecological crisis. The government was China ecological protection project by far the largest investment, its purpose is to prevent "herdsmen over grazing". The author tries to explore the balance of Grassland Projects by relying on the theory of paradigm, which is based on "development of discourse" paradigm seemingly, "protect the environment" strategy, is actually hidden ambition and hope to bring more development opportunities for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
The eighth, ninth chapter shows the status of herdsmen living down sheep whip into town and great changes. In the basic necessities of life suffered a series of difficulties, the local people to express the life of traditional beautiful pastoral imagination skillfully through the "weapons of the weak" and "hidden text". The village resettlement project of immigrant informal private underground complain. The bottom resistance can be carried out smoothly in the hidden social network, and the use of official quoted words to fight for the interests of immigrants become the most commonly used life strategies for themselves.
The tenth chapter responded to the four problems presented in the introduction, to restore a true environmental events, the author believes that the concept of local ecology and the nature of the life of the local people need to be corrected, and Reflection on "development" discourse is more necessary, experience the Yellow River source told us case, the ecological problem is the development mode. If there is no doctrine of modern development and thorough reflection, will eventually lead to negative consequences.
In short, although the analysis of complex environmental incidents in the perspective of deconstruction, but the purpose is not to deny the government implementation of pasture and ecological resettlement project efforts and significance, but to dig deeper can nourish the environment of culture, through all complex ecological discourse reflects the attitude, remind us of finding appropriate ways and under the background of international and domestic realistic strategy to deal with complex environmental events, promoting the understanding and communication between different groups.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：X171;C912.4;D632.4

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