商周至魏晋南北朝羌人问题研究
发布时间：2018-08-16 19:01
【摘要】：商朝卜辞中出现的“羌”人表现活跃,与商人的互动频繁。此时期的“羌”本是商人对于疆域西部一些异族人群的带有蔑视意味的泛称,并非是一个自称为“羌”的稳定的民族共同体。在与商人频繁的互动过程中,称为“羌”的人群结成部落联盟,并产生自己是“羌”的族群认同意识；西周时期的甲骨和金文中几乎找不到“羌”字,在文献资料中也鲜见羌人记载。作为辅佐周人灭商的功臣,羌人地位提高,便回避了“羌”这个蔑称,并与周人世代联姻,代表女性羌人的“姜”字遂成为其姓氏。出自商朝羌人系统的申、吕、许、齐四个姜姓族成为贵族,到周朝末逐渐融入华夏；春秋战国时期出自商周羌人系统的“羌”在此时期大部分融入华夏,未融入华夏的“羌”为更多的“戎”称所代替。 两汉时期的“羌”人主要是华夏对于分布于河湟地区的土著人群的泛称,他们与商周时期的“羌”人并无渊源关系。这一时期由于汉王朝向西部拓展疆域侵犯了河湟羌人的生存空间,引起羌人的反抗。两汉时见诸于史料的河湟羌落有数十种,经常联合起来与汉王朝作战,战败的羌人大多被强制性徙入塞内,分散安置于西北各郡,有些还深入关中三辅地区。羌人腥风血雨的内迁运动贯穿东汉一朝始终,约有一百多万羌人徙至汉朝边郡及内郡,河湟东部地区遂为东汉王朝占据；魏晋南北朝时期的羌人大多出自两汉羌人系统,主要分布于凉、秦、雍、益四州及河湟塞外地区。这一时期羌人的迁徙形式、规模与两汉时期又有不同,主要表现为随各割据政权力量消长而辗转流徙,族群成分单纯是羌人的人群迁徙活动很少,见诸于此时期史料中的羌人迁徙大多伴随着其他种族的人群,例如羌汉、羌胡、羌羯、氐羌等等。羌人的族群意识逐渐弱化,可辨识的种落的数量减少,许多羌人成为新的华夏。到北朝末期,北方的羌人渐渐消失于史料之中,而益州西北部的羌人则仍保持着羌人的族群认同。 在西汉之前河湟羌人与匈奴就已有往来,匈奴对羌人的征服和奴役激发羌人族群意识的觉醒。匈奴亦经常裹胁羌人与汉王朝开战,处于北方匈奴与东方汉帝国之间的羌人族群认同逐渐加深；羌人为争取生存空间和生存资源与汉王朝展开旷日持久的战争,为平羌乱,汉王朝军费开支巨大,财政困窘,不得不调整经济政策来筹集军费,亦说明羌人的社会经济发展水平在不断提高,否则无法支持如此长期的战争；河涅羌人的经济生业主要是农牧兼营,不同的区域有一定差别,河湟谷地的羌人农业经济水平比较高,非简单的粗放农业。高地居住的羌人则是单纯的游牧经济；徙入内郡后的羌人转化为自耕农,接受封建统治,但其族群意识的转化要比其经济模式的转化慢,这种现象的产生与汉王朝的治羌政策有关,汉王朝将击败的羌落徙入汉边郡及内郡,虽分而治之,但又各依其俗,有利于羌人族群特征和族群意识的保持。在治羌的过程中,汉王朝统治者采取血腥、暴力的屠杀使得羌人空前凝聚和团结,自我认同意识亦空前深化。两汉时期亦是汉民族形成的重要时期,“汉”人的凝聚力在两汉时期达到一个高峰,在大汉民族主义氛围中,羌人被歧视被边缘化,汉人的这种视角亦促进羌人的凝聚。至东汉末羌人己形成一个自我认同为“羌”的类似于民族的人群共同体,其羌人认同意识亦延续至魏晋南北朝。 魏晋南北朝的羌人是各割据政权极力争夺和拢络的对象。曹魏和蜀汉为争夺羌人经常发生战争。羌人对于割据政权开拓疆土特别是控制西北地区有着重要的意义；五凉政权能割据河西,雄踞一方,与羌人在政治、经济方面的支持有极大关系；十六国政权中有半数以上控制过河西地区,羌人与当地各族人群一道“徙石为田,运土殖谷”,为河西的开发做出巨大贡献；后秦姚氏政权是羌人建立的政权,姚氏乃河湟烧当羌人后裔,经历数次转徙及效力于不同政权。姚氏一族汉文化素养很高,建立政权后大力尊儒崇佛,极力使自己成为华夏。姚兴已与汉人无异,其政权也是延续汉族封建统治的政权,并无羌人特色,羌人族群意识已经弱化。与姚氏集团一样,许多羌人亦是这样成为了华夏。
[Abstract]:The Qiang people in the divination of the Shang Dynasty were active and frequently interacted with merchants. In this period, the Qiang was originally a general term with contempt for some aliens in the western part of the territory of the merchants, rather than a stable national community calling itself Qiang. As a tribal alliance, the Qiang people escaped the stigma of "Qiang" and married the Zhou people for generations to represent the female Qiang people. The word "Jiang" became his surname. The four Jiang clans, Shen, Lv, Xu and Qi, from the Qiang system of the Shang Dynasty, became aristocrats and gradually merged into China at the end of the Zhou Dynasty.
During the Han Dynasty, the "Qiang" people were generally referred to as the indigenous people in the Hehuang area in China. They had no relationship with the "Qiang" people in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Dozens of Qiang people often united to fight against the Han Dynasty. Most of the defeated Qiang people were forced to move into the enclaves, scattered in the Northwest counties, and some went deep into the Sanfu area of Guanzhong. Most of the Qiang people in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties came from the Qiang people system in the Han Dynasty, mainly distributed in the Liang, Qin, Yong, Yisi prefectures and other areas of Hehuangsai. Most of the Qiang migration in the historical records during this period was accompanied by other ethnic groups, such as the Qiang Han, Qiang Hu, Qiang Capricorn, Ye Qiang and so on. The Qiang's ethnic consciousness gradually weakened, the number of recognizable ethnic groups decreased, and many Qiang became new China. By the end of the Northern Dynasty, the Qiang people in the North gradually disappeared into the historical records, and benefited. The Qiang people in Northwest China still maintain the ethnic identity of the Qiang people.
Before the Western Han Dynasty, the Qiang people had exchanged with the Huns, and the Huns'conquest and enslavement aroused the consciousness of the Qiang people. The Han Dynasty had to adjust its economic policy to raise military expenditure in order to calm the Qiang Dynasty. It also showed that the Qiang people's social and economic development level was constantly improving, otherwise they could not support such a long war. The economic livelihood of the Heni Qiang people was mainly farming and animal husbandry, and there were certain areas in different regions. On the other hand, the agricultural economy of the Qiang people in the Hehuang valley was relatively high, not simple and extensive agriculture. The Han Dynasty moved the defeated Qiang people to Hanbian County and Neijun County. Although they were divided and ruled according to their customs, they were conducive to the preservation of Qiang ethnic characteristics and ethnic awareness. The Han people's cohesion reached a peak in the Han Dynasty. In the nationalist atmosphere of the Han Dynasty, the Qiang people were discriminated against and marginalized. The Qiang people's sense of identity extended to the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties.
The Qiang people in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the object of struggle and closure among the separatist regimes. More than half of the sixteen states controlled the Hexi area, and the Qiang people, together with the local ethnic groups, made great contributions to the development of the Hexi area. The Yao regime in the post-Qin period was established by the Qiang people, and Yao was the descendant of the Qiang people who were burned in the river and had gone through several transfers and worked with different regimes. After the establishment of the regime, Yao Xing was no different from the Han people. Yao Xing's regime was also a regime that continued the feudal rule of the Han people, without the characteristics of the Qiang people, and the consciousness of the Qiang ethnic group had been weakened. Like Yao's group, many Qiang people became the same as China.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K28
本文编号：2186886
[Abstract]:The Qiang people in the divination of the Shang Dynasty were active and frequently interacted with merchants. In this period, the Qiang was originally a general term with contempt for some aliens in the western part of the territory of the merchants, rather than a stable national community calling itself Qiang. As a tribal alliance, the Qiang people escaped the stigma of "Qiang" and married the Zhou people for generations to represent the female Qiang people. The word "Jiang" became his surname. The four Jiang clans, Shen, Lv, Xu and Qi, from the Qiang system of the Shang Dynasty, became aristocrats and gradually merged into China at the end of the Zhou Dynasty.
During the Han Dynasty, the "Qiang" people were generally referred to as the indigenous people in the Hehuang area in China. They had no relationship with the "Qiang" people in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Dozens of Qiang people often united to fight against the Han Dynasty. Most of the defeated Qiang people were forced to move into the enclaves, scattered in the Northwest counties, and some went deep into the Sanfu area of Guanzhong. Most of the Qiang people in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties came from the Qiang people system in the Han Dynasty, mainly distributed in the Liang, Qin, Yong, Yisi prefectures and other areas of Hehuangsai. Most of the Qiang migration in the historical records during this period was accompanied by other ethnic groups, such as the Qiang Han, Qiang Hu, Qiang Capricorn, Ye Qiang and so on. The Qiang's ethnic consciousness gradually weakened, the number of recognizable ethnic groups decreased, and many Qiang became new China. By the end of the Northern Dynasty, the Qiang people in the North gradually disappeared into the historical records, and benefited. The Qiang people in Northwest China still maintain the ethnic identity of the Qiang people.
Before the Western Han Dynasty, the Qiang people had exchanged with the Huns, and the Huns'conquest and enslavement aroused the consciousness of the Qiang people. The Han Dynasty had to adjust its economic policy to raise military expenditure in order to calm the Qiang Dynasty. It also showed that the Qiang people's social and economic development level was constantly improving, otherwise they could not support such a long war. The economic livelihood of the Heni Qiang people was mainly farming and animal husbandry, and there were certain areas in different regions. On the other hand, the agricultural economy of the Qiang people in the Hehuang valley was relatively high, not simple and extensive agriculture. The Han Dynasty moved the defeated Qiang people to Hanbian County and Neijun County. Although they were divided and ruled according to their customs, they were conducive to the preservation of Qiang ethnic characteristics and ethnic awareness. The Han people's cohesion reached a peak in the Han Dynasty. In the nationalist atmosphere of the Han Dynasty, the Qiang people were discriminated against and marginalized. The Qiang people's sense of identity extended to the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties.
The Qiang people in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the object of struggle and closure among the separatist regimes. More than half of the sixteen states controlled the Hexi area, and the Qiang people, together with the local ethnic groups, made great contributions to the development of the Hexi area. The Yao regime in the post-Qin period was established by the Qiang people, and Yao was the descendant of the Qiang people who were burned in the river and had gone through several transfers and worked with different regimes. After the establishment of the regime, Yao Xing was no different from the Han people. Yao Xing's regime was also a regime that continued the feudal rule of the Han people, without the characteristics of the Qiang people, and the consciousness of the Qiang ethnic group had been weakened. Like Yao's group, many Qiang people became the same as China.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K28
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 王晓蕾;张海琳;;青海河湟地区土地资源开发利用刍议[J];攀登;2013年03期
，本文编号：2186886
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