美国新闻标题和导语中语用预设的功能分析

发布时间：2018-01-20 04:33

本文关键词： 美国新闻语用预设功能　出处：《华中师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：当今社会是一个信息日益更新的年代,新闻成为了国家发展、社会进步和个人生活不可或缺的一部分。新闻报道注重重要性、及时性、独特性和趣味性,它必须写得清晰而简洁。新闻语言其自身的特殊规律和要求,越来越多的专家学者从不同角度对新闻语言进行深入探讨,目前主要从两方面研究新闻：一方面从语体学角度,旨在研究如何将语言学的理论运用于新闻写作实践中,又在实践中总结出新闻语言的规律,以提高新闻的语言水准。另一面从批判语言学的视角,认为任何新闻报道都不能反映所有人观点或者代表所有人的利益,不可能做到绝对的客观公正。预设理论是由德国哲学家弗雷格1892年提出的,原本属于哲学范畴,随后被引入语言学范畴。随着理论研究的不断深入,其理论的应用研究激发起了学者们的兴趣。所谓语用预设的应用研究,就是研究该理论在应用方面所发挥的作用,探讨其所产生的指导意义,并深层次挖掘其发展空间,也就是将预设理论应用到人们的日常生活中去,如广告、教学、翻译、小说、竞选等。美国是世界上著名的“传媒力量”的国家,以强大的、无孔不入的传媒力量影响全世界。本文所选的六十篇语料均来自美国主流媒体《纽约时报》的新闻报道。基于预设的基本理论,本文尝试从语用预设的角度,采用定性和定量相结合的方法分析在新闻语篇的标题和导语中预设的具体应用形式以及不同的作用。研究发现,语用预设在新闻标题和导语中被大量使用,其中出现频率较高的预设手段是有定描述、时间分句、反复意义表达词、比较与对照。就功能方面而言：在新闻标题中,主题的作用及受众接受信息的特点决定了预设的适用性。预设的运用使标题更简练,扩大其信息量,同时增强新闻的吸引力。新闻语言的语境,报道者的立场、交际意图的影响和制约新闻语篇的语言结构和过程。新闻语言不仅能传递信息,更能反映社会意识形态,对读者意识形态的形成和转变具有干预作用。语用预设的前提实际上是一种语用推论,不一定是真实的,但对语境有天然的敏感性。因此,在导语中,语用预设的运用不仅起到了保持文字经济性、减轻读者阅读负担、突显重要信息从而进一步激发了读者阅读兴趣、增加新闻客观性的作用,而且为实现新闻语篇的语用效果,语用预设直接或间接地表达了报道者的观点和立场,并使得主观观点转为既定事实,文章显得更加真实可信。从而影响读者对真实新闻事件的看法。研究结果帮助读者一方面认识到了语用预设在新闻标题和导语中具体的运用形式,另一方面增强跨文化交际能力,提高洞察力,更好地理解美国新闻语言背后的意识形态意义,增强对大众语篇的反控制能力。
[Abstract]:Today's society is an era of increasingly updated information, news has become an indispensable part of national development, social progress and personal life. News reports focus on importance, timeliness, uniqueness and interest. It must be written clearly and succinctly. The special rules and requirements of news language itself, more and more experts and scholars from different angles to explore the news language. At present, news is mainly studied from two aspects: on the one hand, from the perspective of stylistics, the purpose is to study how to apply the linguistic theory to the practice of news writing, and to sum up the rules of news language in practice. On the other hand, from the perspective of critical linguistics, any news report can not reflect the views of all or represent the interests of all, and it is impossible to be absolutely objective and impartial. The theory of presupposition was put forward by German philosopher Frege in 1892. It belongs to the category of philosophy and then is introduced into the category of linguistics. The applied research of pragmatic presupposition is to study the role of the theory in the application and discuss its guiding significance. And dig its development space deeply, that is, apply presupposition theory to people's daily life, such as advertisement, teaching, translation, novel, election, etc. The United States is a world famous "media power" country, with a strong. The all-pervasive media power influences the world. The 60 corpus selected in this paper are from the news reports of the main American media, the New York Times. Based on the basic theory of presupposition, this paper attempts to use pragmatic presupposition. This paper uses qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the specific application forms and different functions of presupposition in headlines and introductions of news discourses. It is found that pragmatic presupposition is widely used in news headlines and introductions, among which the frequent presupposition means are definite description, temporal clauses and repeated meaning expressions. Comparison and contrast. In terms of function: in news headlines, the role of the subject and the characteristics of the audience receiving information determine the applicability of presupposition. The use of presupposition makes the title more concise and expands the amount of information. At the same time, it enhances the appeal of news. The context of news language, the position of the reporter, and the communicative intention influence and restrict the language structure and process of news discourse. News language can not only transmit information. It can reflect social ideology and interfere with the formation and transformation of readers' ideology. The premise of pragmatic presupposition is actually a pragmatic inference which is not necessarily true. Therefore, the use of pragmatic presupposition not only helps to maintain the economy of words, lighten the burden of reading, but also highlights important information, thus further arousing readers' interest in reading. In order to achieve the pragmatic effect of news discourse, pragmatic presupposition directly or indirectly expresses the reporter's viewpoint and position, and makes the subjective point of view become the established fact. The article appears to be more authentic, thus affecting the reader's view of real news events. The results of the study help readers to recognize the specific forms of pragmatic presupposition in news headlines and introductions on the one hand and enhance intercultural communicative competence and insight on the other. To better understand the ideological meaning behind the American news language and to enhance its ability of anti-control over popular discourse.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：G213;H313

【共引文献】