晚清期刊中的科学话语研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 19:14

本文选题：期刊 + 科学　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：晚清期刊中的科学话语传播是在西学东渐、西力东侵的历史格局中进行,与科学话语传播结伴而行的是科学话语体系的建构。而晚晴科学话语体系的构建,经历了酝酿期、萌芽期与初步形成期三个不同的阶段。其中酝酿期以传教士的格致话语传播为主,萌芽期以维新报人的格致话语传播为主,初步形成期则以辛亥报人的科学话语传播为主。从格致话语传播到科学话语传播的嬗变,就是晚清期刊科学话语体系建构的内在理路与外在表征。格致话语与科学话语代表着两条不‘同的传播路径。一条是传教士格致话语传播路径,基本上沿袭明末清初传教士的“以学辅教”的宗旨,用中国传统文化中的“格致”来指称Science,“科学”一词直到1905年间,《万国公报》上才开始使用“科学”词汇。传教士格致话语中的“格致”更多的是指称狭义上的科学,即自然科学,尚属“小科学”的范畴。并概述格致的本义、方法、分类、功能与精神等方面。鉴于晚清科学话语体系的构建实指中国人的自主构建,传教士只是起着一个中介与播种的作用。传教士中文报刊在格致话语传播过程中形成了两个不同的传统。一个是《察世俗每月统记传》为代表的的“《察世俗》传统”,“以阐发基督教义为根本要务”,科学内容很少,属于宗教期刊。另一个是以《东西洋考每月统记传》为代表的“《东西洋考》传统”,以科学为主,宗教次之,类似世俗期刊。首先是“《察世俗》传统”主导,然后“《东西洋考》传统”取而代之。19世纪60年代以前,“《东西洋考》传统”一直被《遐迩贯珍》、《六合丛谈》、《中西闻见录》与《格致汇编》等传承。《中国教会新报》创刊后,两种传统共存。《万国公报》介绍了西方一些格致新闻、格致成果与格致理论,并产生了深远的社会影响。1907年终刊后,传教士格致话语传播式微,“《察世俗》传统”回归主导。但“《东西洋考》传统”并未消亡,仍然被维新报人与辛亥报人所传承。另一条路径是中经日本的科学传播路径。维新报人与辛亥报人掀起了科学话语传播的两次高潮,具有“以学辅教”之表征。内容有区别,前者重视科学知识与科学新闻的介绍,是第一阶梯传播。后者更侧重于形而上的科学话语传播,是第二阶梯传播。并使用日文中的“科学”来指称Science。国内最早使用“科学”既非康有为,也非严复,而是《实学报》(1897年11月15日),但因未署名而难以确定身份。20世纪初“格致”与“科学”共存与混用,1905年以后,“科学”词汇才逐渐淘汰“格致”。日本成为了戊戌维新时期与辛亥革命时期科学话语传播的主要中介与信息来源。而日本国内的“科学”原本就有“大科学”与“小科学”两种发展趋势,但输入中国并产生深远影响的是“系统之学”的“大科学”。晚清期刊科学话语传播主要具有信息传递、科学启蒙两项功能,与当时社会变迁与文化转型形成互动。一方面,科学话语传播是观念革命的助产士,也是认知图式变革的加速器,对人们的认知方式、认知的地理空间与知识结构都产生了深远影响。宏观的宇宙天体、中观的人事社会与微观的物质世界都逐渐纳入人们的认知范围,科学的理性精神、怀疑精神和创新精神逐渐被人们所内化,科学传播所催产的这种深层变革,使得人们的思维模式与行为方式发生变化。另一方面,科学不再是奇技淫巧与旁门左道,而被正名,这是科学发展的外在要求。科学话语传播过程是近代科学的中国化过程,也是中国古代科学文化与西方近代科学文化之间碰撞与融合,并促成了中国古代科学的近代转型。晚清期刊科学话语传播有五项特征,即信息源上的外源性、传播途径上的单向度线性传播、传播绩效上的局限性、生长周期上的短暂性、话语体系构建上的渐进性等。科学传播层面上,晚清期刊科学话语传播为新文化运动提供了宝贵的思想资源与理论基础,是新文化运动的先声,而新文化运动是对晚清期刊科学话语传播的传承与发展,是必然的发展趋势,二者一脉相承。
[Abstract]:The dissemination of scientific discourse in the periodicals of the late Qing Dynasty is carried out in the historical pattern of Western learning and the invasion of western force East, and the construction of scientific discourse with the companion of scientific discourse. The construction of the scientific discourse system in the late Qing Dynasty has undergone three different stages of the brewing period, the germination period and the initial formation period. The main stage is the communication of discourse. The preliminary formation period is mainly the dissemination of the scientific discourse of the 1911 newspaper. The evolution of the communication from the discourse to the scientific discourse is the internal logic and external representation of the construction of the scientific discourse system in the late Qing Dynasty. The discourse and the scientific discourse represent two. One is the path of communication. One is the spread path of the missionaries, which basically follows the tenet of the missionaries in the early Ming and the early Qing Dynasty. The "science" is used in the Chinese traditional culture to refer to Science. The word "science" began to use the word "science" until the 1905 years. The "grid" in the language is more about the science in the narrow sense, that is, the natural science, and the category of "small science". It also outlines the meaning, method, classification, function and spirit of the style. In the light of the construction of the scientific discourse system in the late Qing Dynasty, the preacher only plays an intermediary and sowing role. The Chinese newspapers and periodicals have formed two different traditions in the course of the spread of discourse. One is the "inspection of the secular > tradition", which is represented by the secular monthly biography, and the essential essential of the interpretation of Christian meaning. "Yang Kao > tradition", based on science and religion, is similar to secular periodicals. First, "observe the secular > tradition", and then replace the tradition of "the East and the west" and the tradition. Before the 60s.19 century, "the East and the West examination > tradition" has been inherited by "the East and the west", "the Liuhe series >" "the Chinese and Western news" and "the compendium". After the publication of the publication, two kinds of traditional coexistence. The "Wanguo gazette" introduced some western style news, the achievement and the grid theory, and produced a far-reaching social impact of the.1907 year's end issue, the missionaries of the language of the spread of discourse, "observe the secular > tradition" regress leading. The report is passed on by the reporter.
The other way is the route of scientific communication between China and China. The two climax of the dissemination of scientific discourse is raised by the reformers and the 1911 newspaper people, which are characterized by the "learning auxiliary teaching". The content is different. The former attaches importance to the introduction of scientific knowledge and science news, and the first step is spread. The latter is more focused on the metaphysical dissemination of scientific discourse, and is the first. The two staircase spread. And using the Japanese "science" to indicate that the earliest use of "science" in Science. was neither Kang Youwei nor Yan Fu, but the real science newspaper (November 15, 1897), but it was difficult to determine the identity of "science" and "science" at the beginning of the.20 century without signature, and the term "science" was gradually naughty after 1905. Japan has become the main intermediary and information source of the dissemination of scientific discourse in the reform movement of 1898 and the revolution of 1911. But the "science" in Japan originally had two development trends of "great science" and "small science", but the "great science" of "systematic study" was deeply influenced by the input of China.
The communication of scientific discourse in the late Qing Dynasty is mainly transmitted by information and two functions of scientific enlightenment. On the one hand, the dissemination of scientific discourse is a midwife of the concept revolution and an accelerator of the transformation of cognitive schema, which has produced a deep understanding of people's cognitive style, geographical space and knowledge structure. The macroscopic cosmic celestial bodies, the mesoscopic personnel society and the microcosmic material world are gradually incorporated into the people's cognitive range, the scientific rational spirit, the spirit of suspicion and the spirit of innovation are gradually internalized by the people, and the deep change produced by the scientific communication makes people's thinking patterns and behavior patterns change. On the other hand, Science is no longer a trick, but it is the external requirement of science, which is the external requirement of scientific development. The process of communication of scientific discourse is the Chinese process of modern science, and also the collision and integration of ancient Chinese science culture and modern western science culture, and it also contributes to the modern transformation of Chinese ancient science.
There are five characteristics in the dissemination of scientific discourse in the late Qing Dynasty, namely, the exogenous nature of the information source, the one-way linear transmission in the way of communication, the limitation of the transmission performance, the short duration of the growth cycle, the gradual construction of the discourse system, etc.. In the scientific communication level, the communication of the scientific discourse of the late Qing Dynasty provides valuable thought for the new cultural movement. Thinking of resources and theoretical foundation is the first sound of the new cultural movement, and the new cultural movement is the inheritance and development of the communication of the scientific discourse of the late Qing Dynasty. It is an inevitable trend of development, and the two are the same.

【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：G239.29

【参考文献】