基于期刊聚类的科学结构研究

发布时间：2018-10-20 20:49

【摘要】： 科学结构研究是科学学、科学技术管理以及信息科学等领域的一个重要研究课题。本文基于互引分析、聚类分析和可视化技术等方法,对科学的内在结构进行了量化解读,研究和展现了自然科学与人文社会科学的整体知识结构、信息流动特征与规律。首先,基于“论文-论文”的引用关系,建构了Web of Science (2002-2006)近万种期刊的互引全矩阵作为科学结构研究的基础。提出和设计了“引文强链接”、“引文熵”等一系列计量指标测度科学领域的信息流动特征与规律,为更好地研究科学的内部结构提供了一些新的方法与视角。基于不同的指标,对学术期刊和学科的孤立度、中心性、引文链接分布广度等特征进行了全面的描述和解读。发现了“强链接”较多的期刊与“高引文熵”期刊之间界限分明,人文社会科学领域的学科倾向于扩展其链接分布,而自然科学的学科则更易于拥有较多的强链接等一系列科学结构特征。第二,应用引文聚类和“引文-文本”混合聚类方法对Web of Science中8305种期刊以及约250个学科进行聚类研究,分别得到22个期刊聚类、15个期刊聚类和7个期刊聚类,以及7个ISI学科聚类体系。进一步将得到的聚类结果与传统的“专家”期刊分类体系进行比较研究,将二者结构的一致部分定义为“学科内核”,其余部分则为“学科外围”。所有学科内核形成了科学结构之网的网上纽结,展示了科学知识的差异和学科的多样性。学科外围则展现了学科的分化、交叉、融合、方法的移植以及理论学科和应用学科的相互作用等结构特征。例如,SOOI体系中的“神经科学与行为科学”趋于分化为两个分别具有自然科学倾向和社会科学倾向的聚类,ESI体系中的“心理学”趋于分化为认知心理学和医学心理学两个聚类,而“地理科学”和“空间科学”则显示了较强的交叉融合趋势,数学等基础学科也在不同的学科领域中由于“理论-应用”关系而显示了紧密相连的结构特征。第三,基于引文分析和可视化技术,绘制了一幅包含自然科学、社会科学和人文艺术科学信息交流特征的科学全景图。描绘了自然科学和社会科学不同学科之间交织融合和彼此渗透的现象,展示了现代科学横向交叉渗透、纵向层层相依,在高度分化、高度专门化基础上的高度综合、高度整体化特征,从量化的角度印证了马克思和钱学森关于科学统一趋势的前瞻性理论。在这个科学大统一的“潮流”中,与技术科学紧密相关的“工程学”发挥了重要的沟通作用。此外,通过对不同研究领域,例如声学研究和心理学研究交界面的信息流动特征进行分析,揭示了不同学科之间新的“生长点”,为预测新兴交叉学科的发展提供了参考依据。
[Abstract]:The research of scientific structure is an important research topic in the fields of science, science and technology management and information science. Based on the methods of mutual citation analysis, cluster analysis and visualization, this paper makes a quantitative interpretation of the internal structure of science, studies and shows the overall knowledge structure of natural science and humanities and social sciences, the characteristics and laws of information flow. Firstly, based on the citation relation of "thesis and thesis", we construct the mutual citation matrix of nearly ten thousand journals in Web of Science (2002-2006 as the basis of scientific structure research. This paper puts forward and designs a series of measurement indexes, such as "citation strong link", "citation entropy" and so on, to measure the characteristics and laws of information flow in the field of science, which provides some new methods and perspectives for the better study of the internal structure of science. Based on different indexes, this paper gives a comprehensive description and interpretation of the characteristics of academic journals and disciplines, such as isolation, centrality, and the distribution of citation links. It is found that the boundaries between the journals with strong links and the journals with high citation entropy are distinct, and the disciplines in the field of humanities and social sciences tend to expand the distribution of links. And the natural science discipline is easier to have more strong links and a series of scientific structural characteristics. Secondly, 8305 journals and about 250 subjects in Web of Science were clustered by citation clustering and "citation and text" clustering, and 22 periodicals, 15 periodicals and 7 periodicals were clustered, respectively. And 7 ISI subject clustering systems. Furthermore, the result of clustering is compared with the traditional classification system of "expert" periodicals, and the consistent part of their structure is defined as "the core of the subject", while the other part is "the periphery of the subject". The core of all disciplines forms the network of scientific structures, showing the differences of scientific knowledge and the diversity of disciplines. On the other hand, the subject periphery shows the structural characteristics of discipline differentiation, crossing, fusion, method transplantation and the interaction between theoretical and applied disciplines. For example, the "neuroscience" and "behavioral science" in the SOOI system tend to be divided into two clusters with the tendency of natural science and social science, respectively, while the "psychology" in the ESI system tends to be divided into two clusters: cognitive psychology and medical psychology. "Geoscience" and "Space Science" show a strong trend of cross-integration. Mathematics and other basic disciplines also show closely connected structural characteristics in different disciplines due to the "theory-application" relationship. Thirdly, based on the citation analysis and visualization technology, a panorama of science is drawn, which includes the characteristics of information exchange among natural science, social science and humanities and arts. The phenomenon of intertwining and infiltrating between different disciplines of natural science and social science is described. The phenomenon shows that modern science intersects horizontally, intersects vertically, and is highly integrated on the basis of highly differentiated and highly specialized science. The highly integrated features confirm Marx and Qian Xuesen's forward-looking theory on the trend of scientific unity from the angle of quantification. Engineering, which is closely related to technological science, plays an important role in communication in this unified trend of science. In addition, by analyzing the characteristics of information flow at the interface of different research fields, such as acoustics and psychology, this paper reveals a new "growing point" between different disciplines, which provides a reference for predicting the development of new interdisciplinary disciplines.
【学位授予单位】：大连理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：G230

【引证文献】