中国共产党对在华外资企业政策的研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 18:56

本文选题：中国共产党 + 外资企业　；参考：《西南交通大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：反对帝国主义对中国的经济侵略和取缔其在华特权,本是中国共产党领导的民族民主革命的基本任务之一。但是,新中国成立前后,中国共产党在对待在华外资企业这一复杂、艰难的具体问题时,并未停留在“打倒帝国主义”的革命口号层面上,而是审时度势,从实际出发探索具体的政策和办法。解放战争前,中国共产党对在华外资企业还基本停留在理论认识的层面。早期中国共产党人反对外国资本对中国的经济侵略,主张没收在华外资企业；土地革命时期,对在华外资企业认识逐渐实现了从没收到有条件利用的转变,转变的原因是共产国际的影响和中共对中国革命认识的加深。抗日战争时期,中共提出建立广泛的民族统一战线,表示要积极争取国外的经济援助,允许和鼓励外资企业的存在和发展,提出了战后利用外资发展中国工业化的设想。随着解放战争的发展,中共在接管城市的过程中开始更多地直接面对在华外资企业。中共从恢复和稳定城市经济秩序出发,实行了保护在华外资企业所有权,允许其在遵守政府法令下,维持正常经营等政策。新中国成立后,毛泽东确立了“一边倒”的外交方针,主张同苏联、东欧等社会主义国家发展经济交流与合作,执行直接利用外资的政策；就外国在华企业,党中央在坚决取消外资企业在中国拥有一切特权的基础上,对其实行了监管和利用的政策。监管就是使其遵守人民政府法令,规定其经营范围,反对投机经营和违法经营；利用就是运用其人力、资力和国外的经济关系,促进国民经济的恢复和发展。朝鲜战争的爆发改变了新中国面临的国际环境,新中国与西方发达资本主义国家之间的关系由战前趋于缓和转变为敌对状态,利用西方国家在华外资企业的政策面临新的考量。国际环境的变化,导致了中国与西方经济往来的严重受阻,迫使中国共产党在国家安全的压力下,优先选择以苏联计划经济集中配置资源、优先发展重工业的发展战略,苏联、东欧等社会主义国家对华经济援助的实践及其经济建设的经验；同时,中国利用西方国家在华企业的可能性大为降低,政策实践全面停顿,以英、美、法为代表的西方国家在华外资企业在中国的地位和作用发生了变化,生存空间逐渐丧失。1953年社会主义改造开始后,中国共产党将消灭资本主义私有制作为实现社会主义的重要手段,对在华外资企业的全面改造成为了中国社会主义改造的一部分。从此,在华外资企业开始在上海等城市出现大量衰退的局面。中共在对在华外资企业改造的实践中,探索出了以“转让”为主的挤压方式,运用合理、合法的经济手段完成了在华外资企业的改造,通过商业谈判完成对在华外资企业资产负债的转让和企业职工的安置,最终将其转化为国营企业,成为社会主义经济的有机组成部分。到1956年底社会主义改造基本完成时,在华外资企业基本退出中国。在华外资企业在中国社会主义改造时期的全线退出,一则表明外资企业在中国失去了生存空间,二则表明当时的中国共产党人在社会主义的理论和实践中,存在着对资本主义尤其是外国资本主义的天然“敌视”,存在着对单一公有制和高度集中的计划经济体制的“偏爱”。新中国成立前后,中国共产党根据国内外形势的变化,逐步形成了监管、利用和清退在华外资企业的系列政策。在政策的探索实践过程中,理论的错误与正确交织,产生的经验与教训是马克思主义中国化研究的重要议题。回顾与反思1946—1956年间中国共产党对在华外资企业的政策,是研究中国特色社会主义理论发展与实践历程的应有之题,也是马克思主义中国化研究不可或缺的重要内容,也将为中国进一步对外开放提供有益的启示。
[Abstract]:It is one of the basic tasks of the national democratic revolution, led by the Communist Party of China, to oppose imperialist economic aggression against China and to ban its privileges in China. But, before and after the founding of the new China, the Communist Party of China did not stay in the "overthrow imperialist" revolution in dealing with the complex and difficult specific problems of foreign enterprises in China. Before the liberation war, the Communist Party of China was still in the theoretical understanding of foreign capital enterprises in China. The early Chinese Communists opposed foreign capital to China's economic aggression, advocated that they did not accept foreign capital enterprises in China; in the period of the land revolution, China was in China. The understanding of foreign enterprises has gradually realized the transformation that has never been used in conditions of utilization. The change is due to the influence of the Communist International and the deepening of the Chinese Communist Party's understanding of the Chinese revolution. During the war of resistance against Japan, the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a broad national united front, indicating that it should actively strive for foreign economic assistance and allow and encourage the existence and development of foreign-funded enterprises. With the development of the war of liberation, the Communist Party of China began to face the foreign capital enterprises in China more directly with the development of the war of liberation. The Communist Party of China, starting from the restoration and stabilization of the urban economic order, carried out the protection of the ownership of foreign invested enterprises in China and allowed it to comply with the government decrees. After the founding of new China, Mao Zedong established a "one-sided" diplomatic policy, advocating the development of economic exchanges and cooperation with the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other socialist countries, and the policy of direct use of foreign capital. On the basis of foreign enterprises in China, the Central Committee of the party has all the privileges in China. It is the policy of supervision and use, which is to make it comply with the decrees of the people's government, to stipulate the scope of its operation, to oppose speculation and illegal operation, and to use its manpower, qualifications and foreign economic relations to promote the recovery and development of the national economy. The outbreak of the war of Korea has changed the international environment facing the new China, The relationship between the new China and the western developed capitalist countries is changed from pre war to moderating to hostile state. The policy of using western countries in China is facing new considerations. The changes in the international environment have led to the serious impeding of the economic exchanges between China and the west, forcing the Communist Party of China to choose the priority under the pressure of national security. Using the planned economy of the Soviet Union to centrally allocate resources, give priority to the development strategy of heavy industry, the practice of economic aid to China and the experience of economic construction in the socialist countries of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other socialist countries; at the same time, the possibility of China's use of Western countries in China is greatly reduced, the policy is completely pause, the western countries represented by Britain, the United States and the law. In China, the position and function of foreign capital enterprises in China have changed. After the gradual loss of living space in.1953 years, the Communist Party of China will destroy the capitalist private production as an important means to realize socialism. The comprehensive transformation of foreign capital enterprises in China has become a part of China's socialist transformation. The Chinese foreign enterprises began to appear a lot of recession in Shanghai and other cities. In the practice of the transformation of foreign capital enterprises in China, the Communist Party of China explored the way of "transfer", and completed the transformation of foreign capital enterprises in China with reasonable and legal economic means, and completed the transfer of assets and liabilities to foreign enterprises in China through business negotiation. By the end of 1956, by the end of 1956, when the socialist transformation was basically completed, the foreign-funded enterprises in China were basically withdrawn from China. The foreign enterprises in China were withdrawn from the whole line of China's socialist transformation period, and one showed that foreign enterprises were lost in China. The two shows that the Chinese Communists in the theory and practice of socialism have a natural "hostility" to capitalism, especially foreign capitalism. There is a "preference" for a single public ownership and a highly centralized planned economic system. The change of the potential has gradually formed a series of policies for supervising, utilizing and retreating foreign enterprises in China. In the course of the exploration and practice of the policy, the error and the correct interweaving of the theory are the important issues in the study of the Sinicization of Marx's doctrine. Review and reflect on the policy of the Chinese Communist Party to foreign enterprises in China from 1946 to 1956. It is an important part of the study of the development and practice of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is also an indispensable part of the study of the Sinicization of Marx's doctrine. It will also provide useful enlightenment for China's further opening to the outside world.

【学位授予单位】：西南交通大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F276.43;D25

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