中国共产党党组政治研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 13:13

本文选题：中国共产党 + 党组　；参考：《复旦大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：在中国共产党的组织体系和制度体系中,党组是一种重要的组织形态和制度形态,它在中国政治过程中形成的党组政治,是中国政党政治的重要组成部分和鲜明特色。然而,当前学术界对党组、党组制度、党组政治却鲜有专门化、系统性的深度研究,党组的重要与研究的阙如形成了巨大反差,当然,这也更加凸显了党组研究的学术价值与实践意义,并为本研究提供了广阔的研究空间。作为当前国内在该领域进行系统研究的拓荒性尝试,本文主要围绕“为什么中国共产党在建立和完善党委制的同时,还要建立和完善党组制?”这一核心问题,从“党组来源于何处?”“党组是什么?”“党组如何嵌入到非党组织之中?”“党组政治如何运作?”“党组政治走向何方?”等五个议题,对中国党组的演进脉络、政治形态、嵌入逻辑、政治过程和发展变革展开研究。本文在世界政党政治发展的过程中审视“党组来自何处”,认为党团政治是以代议制和政党制为内容的民主政治发展的共性要求,不管是资本主义国家还是社会主义国家,只要有政党存在并实行现代代议制,政党必然会通过党团来影响国家决策,将政党意志转化为国家意志。与此同时,西方议会党团演进到共产主义革命谱系下的苏联后,又有了不同的特点,成为型塑苏联“党治制”的重要制度。随着苏联世界革命的输出,中共党团在同样作为共产主义革命谱系的中国革命进程中产生了,苏联因素和对革命领导权的掌握是中共党团产生的内外原因,而中国国民党党团的产生及其斗争,成为中共党团不断强化的外部压力。1945年党的七大将党团改为党组,并不仅仅是受苏联影响的结果,更多的是避免组织混乱、推进党政党群分开、强化党的领导的需要,立足中国革命进程变化、政治生态变化和党的方位变化等几个维度,才是理解党组出场的正确基点。针对“党组是什么”的问题,文章从历史形态、现实形态和比较形态三个角度,对中共党组展开形态分析。从历史形态上来看,建国后的党组历经“控制型形态”、“隐匿化形态”和“调适型形态”三种类型,这三种形态类型的形成、特征与发展都与建国以来中国政治的变迁脉络息息相关。从现实形态来看,党组是“非党组织”中的“党的组织”,是“可以成立”的“组织机构”,是“领导机关”的“领导核心”,与批准其成立的党组织是“批准服从”的“领导关系”,在非党组织中建立党委是“例外情况”的“特殊对待”。此外,党组作为党的一种组织形式,与党委、党工委等组织形态既有相同之处,更多的是有不同特征；而与西方国家的议会党团则具有本质上的区别,以及由此产生的在范围、层面、功能、关系等方面的形态差异。关于党组如何嵌入到非党组织之中,文章认为,党组对于非党组织的嵌入,不是机械性地进入,而是通过组织嵌入和制度嵌入来实现的。从组织嵌入来看,它遵循了一种组织生存、发展与主导的内在逻辑,党在外部影响的基础上,通过“请示-批准”机制,构建了党组织与非党组织之间的组织嵌入关系,党组的组织嵌入实际上是一种规则嵌入和功能嵌入,在嵌入方式上,党组在“适应”不同非党组织运行规则基础上,实现对非党组织的“主导性”嵌入。从制度嵌入来讲,中国共产党为实现对国家与社会的领导,实现了纵向上的“党委-支部”制度体系和横向上的“党委-党组”制度体系纵横交错的互嵌与套嵌,在党的双线制度架构中,党组制度体系将党的意志源源不断地输入到非党系统中,通过党组实现了对非党组织的制度性领导。党组的制度嵌入,分为正式制度嵌入和非正式制度嵌入两种类型,正式制度嵌入的方式是“伴生性嵌入”和“执行性嵌入”,非正式制度嵌入的方式则是“符号性嵌入”。文章从精英和权力两个向度来分析党组政治的运作过程,认为党组政治通过精英配置、权力配置和功能实现,成就了中国共产党对非党组织的绝对领导,成为中国政党政治运转最为鲜明的特色。从精英角度来看,党组是一个党内党员精英和非党组织系统中党员领导身份同构的精英团体,实质是通过党管干部的原则,实现了政党精英与非党组织精英的同构,并且通过党组成员的非党组织领导身份对党的干部身份的服从,实现了党对非党组织的领导。从权力角度来看,党组与非党组织的两种组织体系形成了双轨权力,但又通过权力运作“原则的服从”弥合了双轨权力的张力。党组政治中权力关系通过政党科层的命令-服从机制和党组与非党组织的影响-服从机制,实现了所有权力向党的领导权的皈依。如果从政治系统理论的视角来审视党组政治过程,这既是一个在党组-非党组织的开放系统中以“输入-贯彻-转化”为框架的功能实现过程,也是一个在非党组织内部的闭合系统中以“决策-执行-监督”为框架的功能实现过程。党组政治在中国实际政治过程中,尤其是政党政治过程中具有很高的价值,体现在对政党政治关系的调适、对政治轴心秩序的支撑和对政党组织内卷的规避等方面。但它也存在着“替代”的风险、“弱嵌”的倾向和“博弈”的张力等限度。党组政治的变革要在“去党委化”和“再制度化”两个关键方面着手,不但要厘清形态边界,防止权力僭越,构建功能发挥的差序格局,还要在创设细化规则、设定统一标准、形成规范程序等方面做出努力和探索。
[Abstract]:In the organizational system and system system of the Communist Party of China, the Party group is an important form of organization and system. The Party group politics formed in the political process of China is an important part and distinctive feature of the party politics in China. However, the current academic circles are rarely specialized and systematic in the Party group, the Party group system and the Party group politics. In depth study, the importance of the Party group and the lack of research form a huge contrast. Of course, this also highlights the academic value and practical significance of the study of the Party group, and provides a broad research space for this study. As a pioneer attempt at the current domestic systematic research in this field, this article mainly revolves around the "why the Communist Party of China" At the same time, to establish and perfect the party system, we should establish and improve the Party group system? "This core question, from" where does the Party group come from? "" what is the Party group? "" how is the Party group embedded in the non party organization? "" how does the party's politics work? "" where is the party's political direction? "And so on, the evolution of the Party group in China, In the process of political development of the political parties in the world, this article examines the "where the Party group comes from" in the process of political development in the world, and thinks that the party's politics is a common requirement for the democratic political development of the representative system and the party system, whether it is a capitalist country or a socialist country, as long as it has a policy of politics. The party will exist and carry out the modern representative system. The party will inevitably influence the decision of the country through the Party group and transform the will of the party into the will of the state. At the same time, after the evolution of the Western Parliamentary Party group to the Communist revolutionary pedigree of the Soviet Union, it has different characteristics and becomes an important system for shaping the "party governance" of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party group was produced in the course of the Chinese revolution, which was the same as the Communist revolutionary pedigree. The Soviet Union and the leadership of the revolutionary leadership were the internal and external reasons for the Communist Party's party corps, and the formation and struggle of the Chinese Kuomintang Party group became the external pressure of the continuous strengthening of the Communist Party group in.1945, the seven party mass of the party. For the Party group, it is not only the result of the influence of the Soviet Union, but also to avoid the confusion of the organization, the separation of the party and the party and the party, the need of strengthening the leadership of the party, the changes in the process of the Chinese revolution, the change of the political ecology and the change of the party's azimuth. From the historical form, the realistic form and the comparative form, the article analyses the Communist Party group of the Communist Party of China. From the historical point of view, the Party group after the founding of the people's Republic of China has gone through the three types of "controlled form", "concealed form" and "adjustment form", the formation of the three forms, the characteristics and development of the Chinese government since the founding of the people's Republic of China. In reality, the Party group is the "organization of the party" in the "non party organization", the "organization organization", the "leading core" of the "leading organs", and the "leadership relationship" with the approval of the party organization, and the establishment of the Party committee in the non party organization. In addition, as a form of organization of the party, the Party group, as a form of Party organization, has the same features as the Party committee and the Party Work Committee and other organizational forms. It is different from the Western parliamentary party, and the form of its production in scope, level, function and relationship. On how the Party group is embedded into the non party organization, the article holds that the Party group's embeddedness for non Party organizations is not mechanically entered, but is realized through organizational embedding and institutional embeddedness. From the organization embeddedness, it follows an internal logic of organization survival, development and guidance, and the party has passed through the external influence on the basis of the external influence of the party. The organization embeddedness between Party organization and non party organization is constructed by "asking for approval" mechanism. The organization embeddedness of the party organization is actually a kind of rule embedding and functional embeddedness. In the way of embedding, the Party group realizes the "dominant" embeddedness of non Party organizations on the basis of "adapting to" the rules of different non Party organizations. The Communist Party of China, in order to realize the leadership of the state and society, has realized the vertical "Party committee and branch" system and the horizontal "Party Committee Party group" system, interlocking and interlocking. In the party's dual system framework, the Party group system has continuously input the party's meaning into the non party system and through the party. The group realizes the institutional leadership of non Party organizations. The system embeddedness of the Party group is divided into two types: the formal system Embeddedness and the informal system embeddedness. The formal system is embedded in the form of "associated embeddedness" and "executive embeddedness", and the informal system is embedded in the "sign character embeddedness". The article from the two dimensions of the elite and the power. To analyze the operation process of Party group politics, it is believed that the Party group's politics through elite configuration, power allocation and function realization has achieved the absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China to the non Party organizations and has become the most distinctive feature of the political operation of the party in China. From the elite angle, the Party group is a party member of the Party member elite and the non party organization system. The essence of the elite group with identity isomorphism is to realize the isomorphism between the party elite and the non party organization through the party's principle of managing cadres, and to realize the leadership of the party to the non Party organizations through the leadership of the non party organization of the members of the Party group and the leadership of the party to the non Party organizations. From the perspective of power, the two organizations of the Party group and the non party organization are organized. The system has formed a double track power, but through the operation of the "principle of principle" of power operation, it bridges the tension of the double track power. In the Party group, the power relationship of the party's politics realizes the conversion of all power to the party's leading power through the command of the party section and the influence of the Party group and the non party organization. Looking at the political process of the Party group, this is not only a functional realization process in the open system of the Party group and non party organization, but also a functional realization process in the closed system of the non party organization with the framework of "decision enforcement supervision" in the closed system of non Party organizations. The Party group politics in China's actual political process In the political process, the political party, especially in the political process, is of high value, which is reflected in the adjustment of the political relations of the party, the support of the political axis order and the evasion of the party organization. But it also has the risk of "substitution", the tendency of "weak inlay" and the tension of "game". In the two key aspects of Party committee and re institutionalization, we should not only clarify the boundary of the form, prevent the overstepping of power, build the pattern of the difference in function, but also make efforts and exploration in the creation of rules, the setting of unified standards, and the formation of standard procedures.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D262

【参考文献】