我国民事司法鉴定制度的反思与重构

发布时间：2018-02-26 20:21

本文关键词： 民事司法鉴定制度民事司法鉴定管理体制民事司法鉴定人制度民事司法鉴定启动制度民事司法鉴定质证和认证制度　出处：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：事实认定是民事审判的基础,司法鉴定则是事实认定的有效手段。尤其随着社会主义法治的发展,公民法治意识的增强,司法鉴定又被看做当事人了解事实、参与诉讼的权利象征。可见,司法鉴定在司法实践中起着越来越重要的作用,同时也引起了社会的广泛关注。在这样的历史背景下,《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》应运而生,它是我国第一次从管理立法的角度,对司法鉴定制度作了比较全面地规范,是司法鉴定制度发展的里程碑。但与此同时,我们也应该看到,我国的司法鉴定制度还很不成熟,在司法鉴定管理体制、司法鉴定人制度、司法鉴定启动制度以及司法鉴定的质证、认证制度等方面都还存在诸多问题亟待解决。为此,笔者以我国民事鉴定制度为出发点,从以上几方面入手,通过对相关理论及实践的研究,提出一些初步构想,以期对民事司法鉴定制度改革有兴趣的同仁有所帮助。本文共分为六章。第一章为民事司法鉴定制度概述。在这一部分首先介绍了司法鉴定的概念,然后通过与刑事司法鉴定的横向比较,得出民事司法鉴定的特征。第二章为我国民事司法鉴定制度的立法现状与缺陷。首先,简要回顾了我国民事司法鉴定制度的立法历程,然后对我国民事司法鉴定制度存在的问题进行归纳。一是对当前鉴定管理存在的问题进行阐述,包括管理权不完善,基层法院及当事人鉴定机构选择权无法得到保障；鉴定机构责任制度缺失以及鉴定机构没有确定评定等级制度,鉴定结论效力无法认定等问题。二是在司法鉴定人制度方面,存在对鉴定人权利重视不够、鉴定人出庭制度难以得到保障的问题。三是从背离了法院的居中裁判职能、与举证责任的承担原则冲突以及司法实践中存在法院随意启动司法鉴定,导致重复鉴定泛滥,增加了当事人的诉累三个方面,提出司法鉴定启动权不应归于法院的问题。四是从鉴定结论的质证流于形式、鉴定人出庭制度难以得到保障以及法官采信鉴定结论自由裁量权过大三方面分析司法鉴定质证、认证制度中存在的问题。第三章为我国司法鉴定管理体制的完善与重构。该部分首先介绍了英美法系和大陆法系的司法鉴定管理体制,从中总结出国外司法鉴定管理体制的特点,然后提出通过统一司法鉴定管理权,建立质量运行机制；取消法院系统鉴定中心委托指定做法；建立司法鉴定机构资质等级制度以及健全鉴定机构责任制度,从而对鉴定机构的管理制度进一步完善。第四章为我国司法鉴定人制度的完善与重构。本部分详细了介绍大陆法系和英美法系的司法鉴定人制度,然后从赋予鉴定人合理的权利以及通过明确其法律责任及制裁程序、严格限定鉴定人可以不出庭的情况、完善专家辅助人制度来完善司法鉴定人出庭制度两方面提出司法鉴定人制度重构的构想。第五章为我国司法鉴定启动制度的完善与重构。在将英美法系和大陆法系的司法鉴定启动制度进行介绍及对比后,在本章的第二部分详细阐述了如何将启动民事司法鉴定权利归还当事人和对法院提起重新鉴定的权利进行限制的初步构想,进而完善司法鉴定启动程序。第六章为我国司法鉴定质证和认证制度的完善与重构。在本章中,除了简要介绍国外的司法鉴定质证和认证制度之外,主要从建立鉴定材料质证制度、细化司法鉴定结论认证的标准、明确司法鉴定结论进行审查的依据以及在判决书中载明采纳鉴定结论的理由四个方面,详细阐述了我国司法鉴定质证和认证制度的完善的做法。
[Abstract]:The fact is the basis of civil justice and judicial identification is the effective means of the facts. Especially with the development of the socialist rule of law, strengthen the citizen consciousness of the rule of law, judicial expertise is also regarded as the parties understand the facts involved in litigation rights symbol. Obviously, the judicial identification plays an increasingly important role in the judicial practice, at the same time attracted wide attention of the society. In this background, < > decision on the management of judicial authentication came into being, it is the first time in our country from the perspective of legislation management, the system of judicial identification was compared comprehensively, is the development of milepost of judicial identification system. But at the same time, we should also see and our judicial system is not mature, in the management system of judicial expertise, judicial system, judicial identification system and start questioning the judicial identification certification system, etc. There are still many problems to be solved. Therefore, according to China's civil identification system as the starting point, starting from the above aspects, through the study of theory and practice, puts forward some preliminary conception, in order to have an interest in the reform of civil judicial system help colleagues.
This article is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is an overview of the civil judicial expertise system. In this part, the concept of forensic expertise is first introduced, and then the characteristics of civil judicial expertise are obtained through horizontal comparison with forensic expertise.
The second chapter is the legislative status and defects of China's civil judicial appraisal system. Firstly, a brief review of the legislative process of China's civil judicial identification system, then the existence of the civil judicial appraisal system problems are summarized. One is the problems existed in current management evaluation is expounded, including the right of management is not perfect, the grass-roots court and the parties can not be guaranteed the right to choose appraisal institutions; lack of accountability and appraisal institutions appraisal institution rating system has not been determined. The conclusions of the effectiveness of not identified other issues. Two in the judicial system, there is not enough emphasis on identification of human rights, the appraiser system is hard to get security problems. The three is from the departure from the the court judge function, and the burden of proof of the court arbitrarily started judicial identification principle of existence conflict and the judicial practice, resulting in duplication of identification Flood, increase the parties v.tired three aspects, put forward the judicial identification start right should not be vested in the court. The four is from the inquiry of the expert conclusion form, the appraiser system is difficult to be guaranteed and the judge accepted the appraisal conclusion excessive discretion aspects analysis judicial expertisel, existing authentication problems in the system.
The third chapter is the reconstruction and improvement of management system of judicial expertise in China. The first part introduces the management system of judicial expertise in common law and civil law, summed up the characteristics of foreign forensic management system from it, and then put forward the unified judicial appraisal management rights, establish the quality operation mechanism; system identification center designated by the court to cancel it the establishment of the system; qualification of judicial authentication institutions and improve the responsibility system and appraisal institutions to identify institutions management system was further improved.
The fourth chapter is the reconstruction and improvement of judicial appraiser system in China is introduced in detail in this part. The judicial system of civil law and common law, and then from the identification of human rights and give reasonable through clear legal responsibility and sanction procedures, strictly limited identification can not appear in court, the expert assistant system to improve to improve the judicial concept of judicial appraiser system reconstruction of the two aspects of court system.
The fifth chapter is the improvement and reconstruction of the starting system of judicial appraisal in our country. At the start of judicial appraisal system in Anglo American law system and continental law system are introduced and compared, in the preliminary conception of the second part of this chapter describes how the rights will start the civil judicial appraisal rights of the parties and return to the court filed a re identification restrictions. Further improve the starting procedure of judicial identification.
The sixth chapter is the improvement and reconstruction of confrontation and certification system of judicial expertise in China. In this chapter, in addition to confrontation and certification system of judicial expertise abroad are briefly introduced, mainly from the establishment of material identification card system, refine the conclusion of judicial identification standards, clear judicial authentication conclusion review the basis and in the verdict stated in the adoption of expert conclusion reason four aspects, elaborated the judicial expertisel and certification system in China to improve the practice.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D918.9

【参考文献】