破窗理论与腐败犯罪的预防

发布时间：2018-02-28 03:43

本文关键词： 破窗理论反腐败预防零容忍　出处：《山东大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：大量生活实践告诉我们,外部环境与某些犯罪有着密不可分的关系,人们很早就已认识到它们之间的关联,并将其运用到犯罪控制中去。众多学者对犯罪与环境的关系进行了一系列卓有成效的实证研究,1982年,美国学者威尔逊和凯林在此基础上首次提出了破窗理论的概念,说明了轻微违法行为与严重犯罪的重要联系。破窗理论的核心问题围绕两个方面,即无序与犯罪是否存在相关性,若存在相关性,是否能够通过对无序的干预控制犯罪发生。美国较早的将这一理论运用到犯罪控制实践中来,以破窗理论为基础制定多项措施,有效降低了犯罪率,改善了治安环境。中国古语有云：小节不拘,则大节不保；小恶不治,则终成大祸。破窗理论带给我们的启示就是对初始的轻微不良行为要坚决惩治并及时修正其不良状态,以避免发生更严重的行为。破窗效应在腐败现象中有明显的体现,若微小的腐败行为被纵容且得不到惩罚,就会给人以“腐败是可行的”这种心理暗示,由此引起更多原本廉洁的人效仿,不贪变为小贪,小贪变为大贪,最终后果不堪设想。新加坡和香港作为清廉指数一直较高的两个地方,成功将破窗理论运用到对腐败的防治中来,以“零容忍”的态度惩治腐败,即使是微小的腐败行为,一旦被发现即会受到严厉惩罚,使行为人付出惨重的代价。我国历来十分重视腐败问题,从古就制定了各种法律法令,但腐败现象却一直存在,且为数不少。数据显示,近几年来腐败犯罪的数量仍旧呈现缓慢增长的趋势。为何在法律法规逐步健全完善的情况下,腐败现象却并未减少,笔者认为有历史、社会、经济等多方面的原因,但其中对腐败现象一定程度的宽容有着巨大的影响。例如,按照现行法律规定,贪贿行为数额达到5000元才能定罪,不到这一数额的只是受党纪政纪处分,在实践操作中,由于各种原因的影响,有些行为人受到的党纪政纪处分微乎其微,甚至是教育了事。有些经济较发达地区的司法机关在掌握定罪标准上暗自提高数额,对小案放之一旁,集中办理大案。这其中有办案力量不足,查办大案更能体现反腐工作水平等原因,但却会导致旁观者产生“轻微腐败行为不会被惩罚”的心态,甚至引起部分人的效仿,从而发生腐败持续蔓延的恶果。本文对破窗理论的起源及提出进行了详细阐述,以美国、新加坡、香港等国家和地区为例,介绍了它们应用破窗理论进行犯罪控制的成功经验,从当前我国腐败犯罪的现状和特点出发,论述了预防腐败理念的发展历程,从刑事法治和社会控制两方面论述了我国惩治和预防腐败犯罪的状况。从寻找“破窗”与腐败的共同点入手,提出了实行“零容忍”反腐败政策的观点,并对“零容忍”反腐败在我国实施存在的困境进行了分析,多方面论述了“零容忍”反腐败的现实可行性。通过研究其他国家和地区“零容忍”反腐败的经验,吸取可为我用之处,对如何改进反腐败方式,提高反腐败工作效率和水平提出了自己的看法,以期对我国惩治和预防腐败工作的发展起到积极的作用。
[Abstract]:A lot of life practice tells us that the external environment has a close relationship with certain crime, people has long recognized the association between them, and apply it to the control of crimes. Many scholars on the relationship between crime and environment has made a series of very fruitful empirical research, 1982, American scholar Wilson Kelin based on the concept of broken window theory, explains the important connection between minor offenses and serious crimes. The core problem of the broken window theory focus on two aspects, namely, disorder and crime whether there is a correlation, if there exists a correlation, whether through crime control of disorderly intervention. The United States earlier this by applying the theory to the practice of crime control in, based on the broken window theory to develop a number of measures to reduce the crime rate, improve the environment security.
There is an old saying: China section is informal, not large insurance; small evil dead, it eventually became a disaster. The broken window theory enlightens us that the initial minor bad behavior must be resolutely punished and the bad state timely correction, to avoid more serious behavior. The broken window effect in corruption is obvious reflect the phenomenon, if corruption is small and conniving not punished, can give a person with "corruption is the feasible psychological hint," resulting in more follow originally honest people, not greedy for petty corruption, corruption becomes small big corruption, the final result is set to two places in Singapore. And Hongkong as a corruption index has been higher, the success of the broken window theory applied to the prevention of corruption in the past, with "zero tolerance" attitude to punish corruption, even tiny acts of corruption, once found, will be severely punished, the behavior of people pay a heavy The price.
China has always attached great importance to the problem of corruption, it can develop a variety of laws and decrees, but corruption has existed, and the number of data show that in recent years the number of crimes of corruption still showed a slow growth trend. Why in the gradual improvement of laws and regulations under the condition of corruption are not decreasing. The author thinks that the historical, social, economic and other reasons, but the degree of tolerance of corruption. There is a huge impact. For example, according to the current law, the bribery behavior amount reached 5000 yuan to be convicted, less than this amount is subject to disciplinary sanctions, in practice, due to the impact of a variety of reasons, some persons by the party and government discipline education. It is very little, even some of the more economically developed areas of the judiciary in mastering the conviction standard secretly provided high amount, on a small case Put aside for major. The handling power shortage, investigating major can reflect the level of anti-corruption work and other reasons, but can lead to bystander "minor acts of corruption will not be punished" mentality, and even cause some people to imitate, so as to cause corruption consequences spread.
The broken window theory origin and put forward in detail, in the United States, Singapore, Hongkong and other countries and regions as an example, introduces the successful experience of their application of the broken windows theory to crime control, starting from the status quo and characteristics of the crime of corruption in China, discusses the development process of the concept of preventing corruption. The prevention of corruption crime in our country the status of punishing and discusses the criminal rule of law and social control in two aspects. Starting from the common point to find the "broken windows" and corruption, put forward the implementation of "zero tolerance" anti-corruption policy point of view, and the "zero tolerance" anti-corruption in our country to implement the existing difficulties are analyzed. Discusses the feasibility of zero tolerance anti-corruption in many aspects. Through the research of other countries and regions, the "zero tolerance" anti-corruption experience, I can learn to use, on how to improve the anti-corruption, improve the anti-corruption work It puts forward its own views on efficiency and level, with a view to playing a positive role in the development of our country's efforts to punish and prevent corruption.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D917.6

【参考文献】