论刑事被害人保护的困境、原因和趋势

发布时间：2018-04-09 13:55

本文选题：刑事被害人　切入点：犯罪本质　出处：《山东大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：历史上,被害人曾处于刑事司法制度的主导地位,能够较大程度上影响刑事司法程序的全进程。但是随着“无罪推定”“罪刑法定”等西方现代刑事司法哲学的建立,国家接管了犯罪的惩罚权。整个刑事司法制度以犯罪嫌疑人、被告人为中心,重在保障他们的权利,以达到与国家公诉平等武装的目的。被害人逐步退出了刑事诉讼的舞台,甚至诉讼边缘化、工具化,被害人似乎成了现代司法体制的“弃儿”。上世纪60、70年代西方被害人保护运动风起云涌,在法律制度比较成熟的西方国家,如美国、英国、德国等,对刑事被害人的保护从程序内到程序外已经形成了一套较为完善的体系,并且随着传统刑事司法体制弊端的凸显,恢复性司法理念已经在刑事司法界占据一席之地,并对传统理念产生了强烈冲击。在我国,1996年的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》明确规定了被害人的当事人地位,2013年1月1日即将施行的新修订的《刑事诉讼法》也将刑事和解予以合法化,被害人在诉讼中的积极作用开始显现。然而,被害人保护形势依然严峻,被害人的当事人地位有名不副实之嫌。当今社会,犯罪高发,被害人数量激增,如果被害人权利虚化问题长期得不到有效解决,势必动摇这一人群乃至整个国民对法律的信仰和信心。因此,被害人保护问题不容小觑。我国法学理论界和司法实务部门的很多法律人已经积极投入到被害人保护的理论研究和司法实践中,取得了卓有成效的成果。然而,对被害人的保护还远远不够,被害人仍然游离于自己的诉讼之外,被动的接受最终的结果,被犯罪侵害的权益得不到及时、有效的修复。被害人保护长期得不到重视甚至漠视的原因究竟何在?笔者以西方被害人保护运动取得的成果为线索,以知情权这一基础性权利为例,论述了我国被害人权利的尴尬现状,并通过反思、质疑现代刑事司法制度中的基本理念,以期找出被害人保护不力的深层次原因。笔者认为,犯罪侵害的是实实在在存在的被害人的利益,国家是被害人只是一种法律的拟制,建立在“国家是被害人”此种假设之上的国家追诉制度的合理性也存在问题,不能否认国家追诉的进步意义,但是,国家公诉的介入必须适当,国家利益不能掩盖被害人的个体利益。笔者就如何走出被害人保护的困境做了初步设想,并认为被害人将会重新站上刑事诉讼的历史舞台,在其中发挥重要作用。
[Abstract]:Historically, the victim was in the dominant position of the criminal justice system, which can influence the whole process of the criminal justice procedure to a great extent.However, with the establishment of modern western criminal judicial philosophy, such as presumption of innocence and legality of crime, the state took over the right to punish crime.The whole criminal justice system focuses on the criminal suspects and defendants, focusing on the protection of their rights, in order to achieve the goal of equality with the national prosecution.Victims gradually withdraw from the stage of criminal proceedings, even marginalize the proceedings, instrumentalization, victims seem to become the modern judicial system of "abandoned children."In the 1960s and 1970s, the Western victim protection movement surged, and in western countries with relatively mature legal systems, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and so on,The protection of criminal victims has formed a relatively perfect system from the inside of the procedure to outside the procedure, and with the malpractice of the traditional criminal justice system highlighted, the concept of restorative justice has occupied a place in the criminal justice field.And has produced the strong impact to the traditional idea.In our country, the Criminal procedure Law of the people's Republic of China of 1996 clearly stipulates the status of the victim as a party, and the newly revised Criminal procedure Law, to be implemented on 1 January 2013, also legalizes criminal reconciliation.The positive role of the victim in the lawsuit began to appear.However, the victim protection situation is still grim, the victim's party status is not worthy of the name.In today's society, crime is high and the number of victims is soaring. If the problem of the victims' rights is not effectively solved for a long time, it will certainly shake the faith and confidence of the people and even the whole people in the law.Therefore, the protection of victims should not be underestimated.In our country, many legal people in the field of legal theory and judicial practice have been actively engaged in the theoretical research and judicial practice of victim protection, and have achieved fruitful results.However, the protection of the victims is far from enough, the victims are still free from their own litigation, passively accept the final results, the rights and interests infringed by the crime can not be timely, effective repair.What is the reason why the victim protection has not been paid attention to or even ignored for a long time?Taking the achievement of the western victim protection movement as the clue, taking the right to know as an example, the author discusses the embarrassing situation of the victim's right in our country, and questions the basic idea of the modern criminal justice system through reflection.In order to find out the deep reasons for the weak protection of victims.The author believes that crime infringes on the interests of the victims, that the state is the victim is only a legal fiction, and that the rationality of the national prosecution system, which is based on the assumption that "the state is the victim", is also problematic.The progressive significance of state prosecution cannot be denied, but the intervention of state prosecution must be appropriate, and the national interest cannot conceal the individual interests of the victim.The author makes a tentative plan on how to get out of the plight of victim protection, and thinks that the victim will stand on the historical stage of criminal procedure again and play an important role in it.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D925.2;D917.9

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