试论我国城市化进程中城市社区犯罪的预防

发布时间：2018-06-12 00:43

本文选题：试论 + 我国　；参考：《中国政法大学》2003年硕士论文

【摘要】： 城市是人类社会经济高度发达的产物，是人们经济、政治和文化活动的中心。进入改革开放以后，我国制定了“控制大城市规模，合理发展中等城市，积极发展小城市”的城市发展战略决策，从而开始加快了我国城市化的速度。20世纪90年代，城市的高度发展超过了任何时代。城市化的迅速发展使我国城市社区规模不断扩大，数量日益增多。然而，城市化进程中也出现了许多社会问题，其中城市社区的犯罪问题尤为突出，城市社区犯罪率的上升已成为现代世界范围内的普遍现象。因此，在我国城市化进程中，研究城市社区犯罪问题，有着十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文分为四大部分：一、城市社区犯罪预防概述社区是指进行一定的活动，具有某些互动关系和共同生活维系力的人类生活群体及其活动区域。社区概念被运用于当代中国社会，是由计划经济向市场经济转变所带来的社会体制所决定的。社区已成为把握当代基层社会的重要概念。目前，城市社区的范围一般是指经过社区体制改革后做了规模调整的社区居委会辖区。在我国，没有也不可能形成象西方那种独特而集中的“犯罪社区”。但随着社会主义市场经济的发展和劳动人事制度改革的不断深入，城市社区的分化正和社会的贫富分化合流，使社区环境产生根本性的变化，由此可能使某些相对落后的社区中形成不良的社区环境，导致社区犯罪免疫系统功能弱化，社区内犯罪因素急剧滋生，导致社区内的犯罪率大大高于其他社区。如果管理不善，在我国城市化进程中，城市社区出现环境不断恶化的“犯罪社区”不是不可能的。我们必须加以预防和控制。城市社区犯罪预防是预防、遏制和减少犯罪的重要手段和发展方向，是一项复杂的系统工程。城市社区犯罪预防形式多样，其内容简单的说就是预防社区内各种违法犯罪的发生。社区预防的内容从违法犯罪的主体角度可分为预防本社区成员内的违法犯罪和预防外来人员的违法犯罪。城市社区犯罪预防的目的就是通过采取各种手段、措施和形式，减少城市社区违法犯罪的发生，促进社区经济发展，培养和强化城市社区成员的法律意识，从而提高公众的安全感。“打防并举、标本兼治、重在治本”的方针既是我国社会治安综合治理的工作方针，也是社区中国政法大学硕士学位论文试论我国城市化进程中城市社区犯罪的预防犯罪预防的指导方针。二、国外有关社区犯罪预防的理论研究概述国外有关预防犯罪的理论研究二十世纪中叶后才得到重视和充分尊重。预防犯罪的理论体系大致有三种，即两层措施理论、三个层次理论和三种类型理论。美国是西方发达国家中犯罪率最高的国家之一，美国对犯罪预防非常重视，采取了一系列的措施以减少犯罪率和被害率。美国在犯罪预防领域的许多方面都在西方国家起了带头作用。美国的预防犯罪体系是三个层次理论，第一个层次预防是发现各种孕育犯罪的环境和机会来加以控制和改善;第二个层次预防是鉴别潜在的罪犯和犯罪高发区并进行早期干预;第三个层次预防已经犯罪的人员再次犯罪。英国首先有一个常设的全国预防犯罪理事会来鼓励民间组织和个人采取措施预防犯罪，其次有一个中央政府的政策分析和研究部门来研究和制定更一致和更有效的预防犯罪政策。“预防犯罪”是对所有旨在增强安全和减少犯罪、粗暴和混乱、对犯罪恐惧的措施的简称。预防犯罪措施和范围分为预防犯罪的对策、预防犯罪行为的对策和预防特定环境中的犯罪的对策三类。法国为了确保预防犯罪活动取得实效，通过全国和地方各级预防犯罪委员会签定合同实施预防犯罪，这一做法被国际上誉为“法国模式”，对国际社会预防犯罪的观念和实践产生了重大影响。加拿大成立了国家预防犯罪委员会，作为政府在预防犯罪方面的顾问机构从事预防犯罪的研究，就预防犯罪的有关问题向政府提出建议。其工作重点是通过社会发展预防犯罪和通过社区参与促进社区安全。日本是亚洲唯一的一个发达国家，其犯罪率在西方发达国家中几乎是最低的，即使在亚洲国家中也不是最高的。日本基本形成了一整套预防犯罪的组织体系，在全国上下形成了网络。日本的社区警务战略较突出，预防犯罪的实际效果较明显，使日本始终处于西方发达国家犯罪率较低的水平。联合国对城市社区犯罪预防问题也非常重视，每五年举行一届联合国预防犯罪和罪犯待遇大会。其中1990年在古巴哈瓦纳举行的第八届大会的主题是:“为 21世纪开展预防和刑事司法国际合作”，大会通过的《综合性预防犯罪措施汇编》第三节就是预防犯罪的社区措施;2000年在奥地利维也纳举行的第十届预防犯罪和罪犯待遇大会上举办了四个讲习班，其中之一就是社区犯罪问题讲习班。三、我国城市化进程中城市社区犯罪的状况分析建国以来，我国城市化进程分为三个阶段，一是城市化起步阶段(1950年一中国政法大学硕士学位论文试论我国城市化进程中城市社区犯罪的预防 1%0年);二是城市化的停滞阶段(1960年一1977年);三是城市化的迅速发展阶段(1978年至今)①。通过对建国以来我国城市化进程
[Abstract]:City is the product of the highly developed social economy and the center of people's economic, political and cultural activities. After entering the reform and opening up, China has formulated the strategic decision of "controlling the size of the big cities, developing the medium-sized cities reasonably, developing the small cities actively", which began to speed up the speed of urbanization in China for the 90 years of the 90 years. With the rapid development of the city, the rapid development of the city has made the scale of urban community expanding and increasing in China. However, many social problems have appeared in the process of urbanization, among which the crime of urban communities is particularly prominent, and the rise of urban community crime rate has become a universal universal. Therefore, in the process of urbanization in China, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the problem of urban community crime.
This article is divided into four parts:
First, an overview of urban community crime prevention
Community refers to the human living groups and their areas of activities that carry out certain activities, have certain interactive relations and maintain the strength of common life. The concept of community is used in Contemporary Chinese society, which is determined by the social system brought about by the transformation of planned economy to the market economy. The community has become an important concept to grasp the contemporary grass-roots society. Before, the scope of the urban community generally refers to the community neighborhood committee area that has been reformed after the reform of the community system. In our country, it is impossible to form a unique and concentrated "criminal community" like the West. However, with the development of the socialist market economy and the continuous deepening of the reform of the labor and personnel system, the differentiation of urban communities The gap between the poor and the rich in society is making a fundamental change in the community environment, which may lead to the formation of a bad community environment in some relatively backward communities, which leads to the weakening of the function of the community's criminal immune system, the rapid growth of criminal factors within the community, and the rate of crime in the community is much higher than that in other communities. In the process of urbanization, it is not impossible for urban communities to have a "crime community" with deteriorating environment. We must prevent and control them.
The prevention of urban community crime is an important means and development direction of prevention, containment and reduction of crime. It is a complex systematic project. The prevention of crime in urban community is diversified. Its content is simple to prevent the occurrence of all kinds of illegal crimes in the community. The content of community prevention can be divided into the prevention of the community from the perspective of the subject of the crime. The purpose of urban community crime prevention is to reduce the occurrence of illegal crimes in urban communities by means of various means, measures and forms, to promote the development of community economy, to cultivate and strengthen the legal consciousness of the members of the urban community, so as to improve the sense of security of the public. The principle of "tackling both the root cause and the root cause" is not only the guideline for the comprehensive administration of public order in our country, but also the community.
China University of Political Science and Law master's degree thesis on prevention of urban community crime in the process of urbanization in China
Guidelines for the prevention of crime.
Two, theoretical research on community crime prevention abroad.
The theoretical research on crime prevention abroad only received attention and full respect in the middle of twentieth Century.
There are basically three theoretical systems of crime: two level measure theory, three level theory and three types of theories.
The United States is one of the countries with the highest crime rate in the western developed countries. The United States attaches great importance to crime prevention.
A series of measures have been adopted to reduce crime rate and victimization rate.
The crime prevention system in the United States is the three level theory. The first level is the first level.
Prevention is to discover various environments and opportunities to control and improve the crime. The second level is to identify prevention.
Potential criminals and high incidence areas of crime and early intervention; third levels to prevent those who have committed crimes again.
Crime.
First, there is a permanent National Crime Prevention Council in the UK to encourage non-governmental organizations and individuals to take measures.
Crime prevention is followed by a central government policy analysis and research department to study and formulate more consistent and more
Effective crime prevention policy. "Crime prevention" is for all purposes aimed at enhancing safety and reducing crime.
The measures and scope of crime prevention are divided into preventive measures and prevention.
The Countermeasures for crimes and three kinds of countermeasures to prevent crimes in specific circumstances.
In order to ensure effective results in preventing crime, France adopted national and local crime prevention committees at all levels.
Signing a contract to prevent crime is internationally known as the "French model", which is a preventive measure against the international community.
The concept and practice of crime have a major impact.
Canada has established the national crime prevention Commission as a consultant agency for crime prevention in the government.
The study of crime prevention has made recommendations to the government on issues related to crime prevention.
Social development prevents crime and promotes community security through community participation.
Japan is the only developed country in Asia. Its crime rate is almost the lowest in the western developed countries.
Even in the Asian countries, it is not the highest. Japan has basically formed a set of anti crime organization system.
There is a network in the whole country. The community policing strategy in Japan is more prominent, and the actual effect of crime prevention is more obvious.
Obviously, Japan has always been in a low crime rate in the western developed countries.
The United Nations also attaches great importance to the prevention of urban community crime. Every five years a United Nations preventive offender is held.
The theme of the Eighth Plenary Session of the year 1990 held in the city of Cuba is:
"International cooperation in prevention and criminal justice" was launched in twenty-first Century. The comprehensive crime prevention measures compiled by the general assembly.
The third section is community measures to prevent crime; the tenth crime prevention held in Vienna, Austria in 2000.
Four workshops were held at the conference on offenders' treatment, one of which is the workshop on community crime.
Three, the situation of urban community crime in the process of urbanization in China.
Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, the process of urbanization in China has been divided into three stages, one is the initial stage of urbanization (1950).
China University of Political Science and Law master's degree thesis on prevention of urban community crime in the process of urbanization in China
1%0); two is the stagnation stage of urbanization (1977 1960); and three is the rapid development stage of urbanization.
Paragraph (1978 to date). The process of urbanization in China since the founding of the people's Republic of China.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D917.6

【引证文献】