从对抗到合作：冲突社会下的风险治理

发布时间：2018-06-20 15:39

本文选题：社会冲突 + 群体性事件　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：任何发展路径的选择都可能蕴藏着风险,发展与风险密不可分。我国旨在改变贫穷落后的改革开放国策在创造了前所未有的经济繁荣之余,也导致了社会稳定风险丛生,群体性事件数量激增。怎样在保持经济快速发展的同时,构建和完善化解社会稳定风险的机制,是当前迫切需要解决的问题。当前,我国群体性事件治理面临的问题主要有：对群体性事件根源的科学认知；群体性事件蕴藏的社会稳定风险演化、突变的机理分析；社会稳定风险失控的社会影响分析；社会稳定风险治理的制度建构。本文以分析群体性事件发生的宏观社会背景为逻辑起点,以“维权型”和“泄愤型”两类群体性事件为考察对象,以社会冲突理论和社会风险理论为分析框架,以宏观研究与微观研究相结合的研究方法,以社会稳定风险衍生、演化并最终突变为社会冲突的机理为逻辑顺序,讨论了暴力革命与改革社会稳定风险发展的两种路径,提出了平衡公权力与私权利之间关系的总体思路及对策构想。社会转型与社会风险的关系。区分了西方社会转型与我国社会转型的不同,认为贝克“风险社会”理论的适用范围仅限于完成了第一次转型(即第一次现代化)的西方发达国家,而不完全适用于正处于第一次现代化过程中的我国。因此,我国社会风险的原因既有源自现代化进程中的风险,也有现代化本身的风险,但是,现代化进程中的风险是我国目前主要的社会风险：源于经济转型的社会风险：改革成果分配不公平导致的贫富分化；源于政治转型的社会风险：公权力与私权利的矛盾；源于社会转型的风险：道德伦理滑坡与现代文明社会建设之间的矛盾,在这三对矛盾之间,公权力与私权利的矛盾是社会转型期各类社会稳定风险的源头。群体性事件蕴藏的社会稳定风险分析。通过对“维权型”和“泄愤型”两类四个典型案例的剖析,对群体性事件的直接原因和深层原因进行了微观分析。“维权型”事件选取了2008年的云南孟连事件和2012年宁波镇海PX事件。孟连事件中,一味重视GDP和税收的地方政府和经营商结盟,直接参与当地胶农与经营商的经济纠纷,并动用国家公器惩罚胶农,导致胶农对政府立场的极度愤怒,发生激烈的警民冲突,造成了伤亡后果。本质上,是基于地方政权的利益驱动,公权力对胶农经济利益的肆意侵犯,不仅直接激发了当地民众与政权之间的矛盾冲突,而且侵蚀了政权的合法性。镇江宁波镇海PX事件的直接原因仍然是地方政府对于GDP的冲动,而其冲突的根本原因仍然是在地方重大决策中,对作为利益相关者的市民的排斥,对市民健康权的践踏。两例“泄愤型”群体性事件样本分析揭示,导致冲突的原因看似是基于人们“路见不平、拔刀相助”的文化心理,但促成作为无直接利益者广泛参与的关键因素,均在于当地长期官员贪腐、官商结盟对当地民众进行财富掠夺,导致贫富差距显著以及对底层民众的欺凌,导致底层社会怨怼情绪长期积累并寻找道德正当的导火索事件发泄不满。社会稳定风险衍生根源及演化规律。以社会风险管理理论为分析框架,运用系统论方法,揭示了改革开放以来,社会转型过程中社会稳定风险衍生的源头在于公权力对私权利的藐视和侵犯与公民权利意识苏醒之间的矛盾。传统政治文化的影响加之苏联政治模式示范,公权独大、私权孱弱,私益服从公益逐渐成为我国国家与社会关系的特征。改革开放后,国家对民众的政治动员逐渐放松,在农村,家庭承包责任制把农民从人民公社的政治体制束缚中解放出来；在城市,非公有制经济给工人和知识分析脱离单位约束提供了渠道。虽非纯粹自由的市场经济依然给人们带来了渴望已久的自由,言论解禁和学术自由为西方民主理论再次东渐提供了机会。随着社会经济的发展和文化开放,尤其是随着以网络博客、微博为标志的微时代的到来,官方一言堂的传播方式已经过去,人人皆可成为媒体的时代,自由逐渐超越了物质,成为崭新的公共需求,权利意识迅速复苏,在近年来频发的群体性事件中,“权利”已经成为一个时髦的口号。民众在私权利受到侵犯后不再隐忍,而是实施积极地权利救济。由于体制内权利救济途经梗阻,被迫拿起“弱者的武器”进行体制外抗争。“分步式改革”模式,价格双轨以及特权影响下的市场经济中由资源分配所造成的收入差距,不但急剧拉大了贫富差距,而且严重破坏了社会主义公平正义的政治价值,在农村不断发生的征地和城镇发生的强拆事件以及部分官员和富商骄横傲慢态度中,民怨在一点点积累,当富有道德正义的导火索事件出现后,泄愤型群体性暴力事件便难以避免了。社会稳定风险爆发的可能后果与倒逼模式。本部分采用历史分析方法,分析了历史上社会稳定风险爆发后可能导致的暴力革命。暴力革命已经给民族和家庭带来了极大地创伤和惨痛的代价,因此,改革应该称为不可避免的选择。消减和控制社会稳定风险的总体思路及对策构想。本文认为,首先应对当前的社会稳定风险越来愈大的现实有一个清醒、客观的认知,树立风险意识。既不粉饰太平也不回避风险,重视社会冲突后的应急处置,更应该进行关口迁移,进行社会稳定风险治理。应首先树立理性的风险文化,在限制公权力和保障私权利的前提下平衡公权力与私权利的关系；通过构建协商民主制度为利益相关者提供参与公共决策的渠道,以此促进社会成本和成果的公平分配；通过培养理性的公民参与公共事务的治理。
[Abstract]:The choice of any development path may contain risks, and the development and risk are inseparable. Our country aims to change the reform and opening policy of poverty and backwardness when it creates unprecedented economic prosperity. It also leads to the risk of social stability and the surge in the number of mass events. It is an urgent problem to improve the mechanism of social stability risk.
At present, the main problems facing the governance of mass event in our country are: the scientific cognition of the root of group events, the evolution of the risk of social stability, the analysis of the mechanism of the catastrophe, the social influence analysis of the risk of social stability, the institutional construction of the risk management of social stability. The macro social background is the logical starting point, and the two groups of group events such as "power type" and "indignation type" are the research objects, and the social conflict theory and social risk theory are used as the analytical framework, and the research method combined with macro research and micro research is derived from the social stability risk, and evolves and eventually mutated into the social conflict mechanism. For the logical sequence, this paper discusses the two ways of the violent revolution and the development of the risk of the social stability reform, and puts forward the overall thinking and Countermeasures of balancing the relationship between public power and private rights.
The relationship between social transformation and social risk distinguishes the difference between the transformation of the western society and the social transformation of our country. It is considered that the scope of application of Beck's "risk society" theory is limited to the developed western countries that have completed the first transformation (i.e. the first modernisation), but not fully applied to our country in the first modernization process of Yu Zheng. The causes of social risk in our country are not only from the risks in the process of modernization, but also in the risk of modernization itself. However, the risk in the process of modernization is the main social risk of our country at present: the social risk derived from the economic transformation: the poor and rich differentiation caused by the unfair distribution of the results of the reform; the social risk derived from the political transformation: the public risk: the public risk: the public risk of the political transformation: the public risk: the public risk: the public risk of the political transformation: the public risk: the public risk: the public risk of the political transformation: the public risk: the public risk: the public risk of the political transformation: the public risk: the public risk: the public risk of the political transformation: the public risk: the public risk: the public risk of the political transformation: the public risk: the public risk The contradiction between power and private rights; the risk derived from social transformation: the contradiction between the moral degradation and the construction of modern civilized society. In these three contradictions, the contradiction between public power and private rights is the source of various social stability risks in the period of social transformation.
The analysis of social stability risk contained in group events. Through the analysis of two typical four typical cases of "rights type" and "indignation type", the direct and deep reasons of the group events are analyzed. The "right type" event selected the 2008 Yunnan Meng Lian incident and the Ningbo Zhenhai PX event in 2012. The local government and operator, which attaches importance to GDP and tax, directly participated in the economic dispute between local glue farmers and operators, and used national public implements to punish the rubber farmers, which led to the extreme anger of the government to the government's position, the fierce conflict of the police and the consequences of casualties. The wanton infringement of the economic interests of the rubber farmers not only directly aroused the conflict between the local people and the political power, but also eroded the legitimacy of the regime. The direct cause of the PX incident in Zhenhai, Ningbo, Zhenjiang, is still the impulse of the local government to the GDP, and the root cause of the conflict is still in the major local decisions and as a stakeholder. The exclusion of the citizens and the trampling of the right to health of the citizens. The analysis of the sample of two cases of "indignant" group events reveals that the cause of the conflict appears to be based on the cultural psychology of the people, but the key factors that contribute to the widespread participation of those who have no direct interests lie in the corruption of the local officials and the alliance of officials and businessmen. The wealth plundering to the local people led to the significant gap between the rich and the poor, and the bullying to the bottom of the people, which led to the long-term accumulation of the underlying social resentment and the search for a moral justifiable fuse.
The derivation and evolution of the risk of social stability, with the theory of social risk management as the analytical framework and the system theory, reveals that the source of the risk derivation of social stability in the process of social transformation is the contradiction between public power's contempt for private rights and the awakening of civil rights consciousness. After the reform and opening up, the country's political mobilization for the people gradually relaxed, and the family contract responsibility system liberated the peasants from the political system of the people's commune in the countryside; in the city, not in the city. The public ownership economy provides a channel for workers and knowledge analysis from unit constraints. Although the non purely free market economy still brings long - longed freedom, the free speech and academic freedom provide the opportunity for the western democratic theory to move eastward again. With the development of the social economy and the cultural opening, especially with the Internet. Guests, micro-blog as the symbol of the advent of the micro era, the official language of the communication has passed, everyone can become the era of media, freedom gradually surpassed the material, become a brand new public demand, the consciousness of rights resuscitation rapidly, in recent years of frequent mass events, "right" has become a fashionable slogan. The people are in private. After the infringement of rights, it is no longer forbearance, but the implementation of positive rights relief. Due to the obstruction of the right relief in the system, it is forced to take up the "weapon of the weak" to fight against the system. The income gap caused by the distribution of the source of the "split step reform", the price double track and the market economy under the influence of privileges not only drastically pull the income gap, but also pull the income gap in the market economy under the influence of privileges. The gap between the rich and the poor has greatly destroyed the political value of the socialist fairness and justice, and in the continuous rural expropriation and dismantling of cities and towns, and the arrogant and arrogant attitude of some officials and businessmen, the grievances are accumulated a little. To avoid it.
The possible consequences and forced modes of the risk of social stability. This part uses historical analysis to analyze the violent revolution that may lead to the risk of social stability in history. The violent revolution has brought great wounds and painful costs to the nation and the family. Therefore, the reform should be called the inevitable choice.
The overall thinking and Countermeasures of reducing and controlling the risk of social stability. This article holds that, first of all, we should have a sober, objective cognition, and a sense of risk. We should not neither finish the peace nor avoid the risk, pay attention to the emergency treatment after the social conflict, and should carry on the transfer of the gateway and carry on the society. In order to stabilize the risk management, we should first set up a rational risk culture, balance the relationship between public power and private rights under the premise of restricting public power and protecting private rights, and provide the stakeholders with the channels of public decision-making through the construction of a consultative democratic system, so as to promote the fair distribution of social formation and results; and through the cultivation of rationality. The citizens are involved in the governance of public affairs.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D631.43

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