论我国司法鉴定制度的重构

发布时间：2018-06-24 07:24

本文选题：鉴定人 + 鉴定机构　；参考：《安徽大学》2006年硕士论文

【摘要】： 在我国现有的司法制度中，司法鉴定制度是其重要组成部分，在现代诉讼中发挥着越来越重要作用。我国的法律制度属于典型的大陆法系，司法鉴定人一直被认为是“法院辅助人员”或“法官的助手”。随着高科技知识的应用，科学的不确定性和伪科学问题都曾出现在法庭的证据之中，也为法官审查判断证据提出了新的难题。为此法官不得不借助于专家的分析、判断，司法鉴定人、鉴定专家又被视为“科学的法官”，司法鉴定结论会对审判结果影响很大。我国的司法鉴定制度诞生于新中国刚成立后，早期受前苏联制度影响很大，有明显的计划经济的特征。改革开放以后，伴随着社会主义法制的完善，人们的法律意识不断加强，参与诉讼活动日趋频繁，诉讼纠纷的数量也直线上升，导致对司法鉴定的需求逐渐增多。由于我国至今还没有一部专门规范司法鉴定方面的法律，使司法鉴定缺乏统一的规划与管理，缺乏部门之间的相互协调与协作，导致现实生活中出现“多头鉴定”、“重复鉴定”，使得案件审理难以顺利进行，诉讼长期处在不稳定状态，无法及时解决纠纷。文章首先对司法鉴定的基本概念进行分析，总结了司法鉴定的主要特征，如科学性、合法性、独立性、多样性、被动性。在介绍两大法系关于司法鉴定的法律规定、鉴定机构的设置与管理、鉴定人的选任方式的基础上，通过比较分析，提出国外法律制度中值得我国立法中借鉴的部分，以弥补我国现有法律规范的不足。文章通过对我国现行司法鉴定制度的剖析，指出其存在的问题主要是：司法鉴定机构缺少全国统一的组织、协调和管理；缺乏统一的司法鉴定人资格认证制度、管理制度和监督制度；缺少全面的、统一的司法鉴定程序规定；司法鉴定人员出庭作证制度不健全；缺乏统一的司法鉴定标准等。由于我国现行的司法制度存在着这些方面的问题，造成了一些案件久拖不决，使审理难以进行，影响了司法公正，降低了司法的威信。文章指出，我国司法鉴定制度重构是符合效率和效益的要求，，是适应我国客观形势发展的需要，是建立社会主义法治的需要。司法鉴定制度改革是目前形势的迫切需求，但在进行制度的重构过程中，一定要遵循法治原则；吸收借鉴与适合我国国情的原则：提高效率与效益的原则；公正、公开的原则；科学原则；独立原则。文章就我国司法鉴定制度的重构提出了以下建议，即建立鉴定人、鉴定机构的名册制度；建立合理的司法鉴定程序制度；建立司法鉴定机构和鉴定人的法律责任追究制度；完善鉴定人出庭作证制度；取消法院、检察院系统的鉴定机构，整合鉴定资源，逐步建立“一元化的三级”专职司法鉴定机构；建立一套完整的鉴定标准体系。
[Abstract]:In the current judicial system of our country, the judicial expertise system is an important part of it and plays an increasingly important role in modern litigation. Our country's legal system belongs to the typical civil law system, the judicial expert is always regarded as "the assistant of the court" or "the assistant of the judge". With the application of high-tech knowledge, the uncertainty of science and pseudoscience problems have appeared in the evidence of the court, and also put forward a new problem for the judge to examine and judge the evidence. For this reason, judges have to rely on the analysis of experts to judge that judicial experts and experts are regarded as "scientific judges". The conclusion of judicial expertise will have a great impact on the trial results. The judicial identification system of our country was born after the founding of New China. It was greatly influenced by the former Soviet Union system in the early period and had the characteristic of planned economy. After the reform and opening up, with the improvement of the socialist legal system, people's legal consciousness is constantly strengthened, the participation in litigation activities is becoming more and more frequent, the number of litigation disputes is also rising in a straight line, which leads to the increasing demand for judicial expertise. There is not a special law on judicial expertise in our country, which makes the judicial expertise lack of unified planning and management, lack of coordination and cooperation among departments, leading to the emergence of "long identification" in real life. "repeated appraisal" makes it difficult for the case to proceed smoothly, and the lawsuit is in a state of instability for a long time, and the dispute can not be resolved in time. This paper first analyzes the basic concepts of forensic expertise and summarizes the main characteristics of forensic expertise, such as science, legitimacy, independence, diversity, passivity. Based on the introduction of the legal provisions on judicial expertise, the establishment and management of appraisal institutions and the selection and appointment of experts in the two legal systems, this paper, through comparative analysis, puts forward the parts of the foreign legal system that are worthy of reference in our legislation. In order to make up for the lack of existing legal norms in China. Through the analysis of the current judicial identification system in China, the paper points out that the existing problems are: the lack of unified organization, coordination and management of the judicial expertise institutions, the lack of a unified system of accreditation of judicial experts, the lack of a unified system of accreditation of judicial experts, and the lack of a unified system of accreditation of judicial experts. Management system and supervision system; lack of comprehensive and unified rules of judicial identification procedures; imperfect system of judicial experts to testify in court; lack of unified standards of judicial expertise. Because of these problems existing in our country's current judicial system, some cases are delayed, so that the trial is difficult to carry out, which affects the judicial justice and reduces the prestige of the judicature. The article points out that the reconstruction of judicial expertise system in our country is in line with the requirements of efficiency and benefit, is the need to adapt to the development of the objective situation of our country, and is the need to establish the socialist rule of law. The reform of judicial appraisal system is the urgent need of the current situation, but in the process of system reconstruction, we must follow the principle of rule of law; The principles of absorbing and adapting to the situation of our country include the principle of improving efficiency and benefit; the principle of justice and openness; the principle of science; the principle of independence. The article puts forward the following suggestions on the reconstruction of the judicial identification system in our country, namely, establishing the system of experts, the register system of the appraisal institution, the establishment of the reasonable judicial identification procedure system, the establishment of the system of investigating the legal responsibility of the judicial expert institution and the expert body; It is necessary to perfect the system of expert testimony in court, abolish the system of appraising organs of court and procuratorate, integrate the resources of appraisal, and gradually establish a specialized judicial appraisal institution of "unified three-level", and establish a set of complete appraisal standard system.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D918.9

【参考文献】